Molecular Pathogens 2024, Vol.15, No.4, 179-188 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 182 4 Mechanisms of Wheat Disease Resistance 4.1 Molecular pathways activated by pathogen attack Wheat plants activate a variety of molecular pathways in response to pathogen attacks. These pathways often involve the production of defense-related molecules such as flavonoids and terpenes, which are synthesized through pathogen-induced biosynthetic pathways encoded by biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) (Saini et al., 2021). Additionally, resistance (R) genes play a crucial role in recognizing pathogen-derived molecules either directly or indirectly, triggering a cascade of defense responses. These R genes encode proteins that function as cell surface or intracellular receptors (Figure 2), which can detect pathogen molecules and initiate defense mechanisms (Krattinger and Keller, 2016). The wheat resistance gene Lr34, for example, induces multiple defense pathways, including the production of lignin and hordatines, which contribute to both basal and inducible disease resistance (Chauhan et al., 2015). Figure 2 Using the R gene atlas and pathogen diversity information to determine appropriate stacks (Adopted from Hafeez et al., 2021) 4.2 Crosstalk between different signaling pathways Crosstalk between different signaling pathways is essential for a coordinated defense response in wheat. Hormonal signaling pathways, such as those involving jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA), are often
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