Molecular Pathogens 2024, Vol.15, No.3, 155-169 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 167 5) Monitor fungicide resistance: The development of rapid detection methods for fungicide resistance, such as the LAMP technique, should be utilized to monitor and manage the spread of resistant PM isolates. 6) Understand MLO gene family: Further research into the MLO gene family across Cucurbitaceae species can provide insights into the evolution and function of susceptibility factors, aiding in the identification of new targets for resistance breeding. 7) Integrate disease management strategies: An integrated approach combining genetic resistance, biocontrol, and careful fungicide use is essential to sustainably manage PM and reduce the risk of resistance development. By following these recommendations, researchers and breeders can contribute to the development of durable PM resistance in Cucurbitaceae crops, ensuring food security and agricultural sustainability. Acknowledgments We would like to thank Prof. X. Fang for his careful reading of this manuscript and for his revisions and polishing of the text. We are also grateful to the two anonymous peer reviewers for their serious and rigorous academic comments, which have greatly improved the quality of the paper. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Aguiar B., Vida J., Tessmann D., Oliveira R., Aguiar R., and Alves T., 2012, Fungal species that cause powdery mildew in greenhouse-grown cucumber and melon in Paraná State, Brazil, Acta Scientiarum-agronomy, 34: 247-252. https://doi.org/10.4025/ACTASCIAGRON.V34I3.13999 Alavilli H., Lee J., You C., Poli Y., Kim H., Jain A., and Song K., 2022, GWAS reveals a novel candidate gene CmoAP2/ERFin pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) involved in resistance to powdery mildew, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(12): 6524. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126524 Caligiore-Gei P., Della-Gaspera P., Benitez E., and Tarnowski C., 2022, Cucurbit powdery mildew: first insights for the identification of the causal agent and screening for resistance of squash genotypes (Cucurbita moschata (Duchesne ex Lam.) Duchesne ex Poir.) in Mendoza, Argentina, The Plant Pathology Journal, 38: 296-303. https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.OA.01.2022.0002 Cohen R., Hanan A., and Paris H., 2003, Single-gene resistance to powdery mildew in zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo), Euphytica, 130: 433-441. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023082612420 Guo W., Chen B., Chen X., Guo Y., Yang H., Li X., and Wang G., 2018, Transcriptome profiling of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) leaves infected with powdery mildew, PLoS One, 13(1): e0190175. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190175 Guo W., Chen B., Guo Y., Yang H., Mu J., Wang Y., Li X., and Zhou J., 2019, Improved powdery mildew resistance of transgenic nicotiana benthamiana overexpressing the Cucurbita moschata CmSGT1 gene, Frontiers in Plant Science, 10: 955. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00955 Holdsworth W., LaPlant K., Bell D., Jahn M., and Mazourek M., 2016, Cultivar-based introgression mapping reveals wild species-derived Pm-0, the major powdery mildew resistance locus in squash, PLoS One, 11(12): e0167715. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167715 Iovieno P., Andolfo G., Schiavulli A., Catalano D., Ricciardi L., Frusciante L., Ercolano M., and Pavan S., 2015, Structure, evolution and functional inference on the Mildew Locus O(MLO) gene family in three cultivated Cucurbitaceae spp., BMC Genomics, 16(1): 1112. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-015-2325-3 Kim S., Jung M., Oh E., Kim T., and Kim J., 2019, Mitochondrial genome of the Podosphaera xanthii: a plant pathogen causes powdery mildew in cucurbits, Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources, 4: 4172-4173. https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2019.1618209 Křístková E., Lebeda A., and Sedláková B., 2009, Species spectra, distribution and host range of cucurbit powdery mildews in the Czech Republic, and in some other European and Middle Eastern countries, Phytoparasitica, 37: 337-350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-009-0045-4 Kusch S., Qian J., Loos A., Kümmel F., Spanu P., and Panstruga R., 2023, Long-term and rapid evolution in powdery mildew fungi, Molecular Ecology, 33(10): e16909. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16909
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