Molecular Pathogens 2024, Vol.15, No.3, 155-169 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 166 8.3 Gaps in current research and potential areas for future study Despite the progress made, there are still gaps in the current research. The exact molecular mechanisms by which effector proteins facilitate P. xanthii infection remain to be fully elucidated (Kim et al., 2020). Additionally, while the role of MLOgenes in disease susceptibility is known, the specific interactions between these genes and other plant defense pathways require further investigation (Iovieno et al., 2015). Future studies could focus on the long-term effectiveness and environmental impact of using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated resistance in commercial crops (Shnaider et al., 2022). The potential for resistance gene stacking to create cultivars with durable resistance to PM is another area worth exploring. Moreover, the development of rapid detection methods for resistant isolates, such as the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique, could facilitate the monitoring of resistance in the field (Vielba-Fernández et al., 2019). The exploration of biocontrol agents and their integration into crop management systems could also be expanded, with a focus on understanding the molecular basis of induced resistance and its interaction with plant genetics (Li et al., 2015). Finally, the potential for cross-resistance to other pathogens when overexpressing genes like CmSGT1 in transgenic plants should be carefully assessed (Guo et al., 2019). 9 Concluding Remarks 9.1 Summary of key insights from the systematic review The systematic review has highlighted significant advancements in the understanding and management of PM in Cucurbitaceae plants. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis has been successfully employed to induce PM resistance in cucumber by targeting the CsaMLO8 gene, demonstrating a promising approach for breeding resistant cultivars. The identification of a single-gene resistance to PM in zucchini squash suggests the potential for simpler breeding strategies. Moreover, the study of genotypic variation in field resistance among Cucurbita pepo cultivars has provided insights into the epidemiological aspects of PM resistance. The role of the MLOgene family in PM susceptibility has been further elucidated, offering a comprehensive overview of potential targets for resistance breeding in melon, watermelon, and zucchini. Additionally, the use of biocontrol agents such as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LJ02 has been shown to induce systemic resistance against PM in cucurbits, presenting an alternative to chemical control. 9.2 The importance of continuing research on PM resistance in Cucurbitaceae Continued research on PM resistance in Cucurbitaceae is of paramount importance due to the economic impact of the disease on cucurbit crops worldwide. The development of PM-resistant varieties is critical, as chemical control is often insufficient and can lead to fungicide resistance. Understanding the biology and evolution of PM pathogens, such as P. fusca, is essential for the development of effective control strategies. Moreover, the emergence of fungicide-resistant isolates of P. xanthii necessitates the exploration of alternative control methods and the monitoring of resistance. The integration of genetic resistance, biocontrol agents, and sustainable agricultural practices is crucial for the long-term management of PM in cucurbits. 9.3 Recommendations for researchers and breeders 1) Exploit CRISPR/Cas9 technology: Researchers should continue to explore gene editing techniques, such as CRISPR/Cas9, to develop PM-resistant cultivars in a variety of genetic backgrounds, as demonstrated by the successful mutagenesis of CsaMLO8 in cucumber. 2) Investigate single-gene resistance: Breeders should consider utilizing single-gene resistance, as identified in zucchini squash, to simplify the breeding process for PM resistance. 3) Characterize genetic variability: It is recommended to characterize the genetic variability in field resistance to PM among different Cucurbita pepocultivars to identify and utilize the most resistant genotype. 4) Explore biocontrol options: The potential of biocontrol agents, such as B. amyloliquefaciens LJ02, to induce systemic resistance should be further investigated as a component of integrated disease management strategies.
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