Molecular Pathogens 2024, Vol.15, No.3, 142-154 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 151 Adhering to these regulatory frameworks helps mitigate potential risks and ensures that the deployment of transgenic pines is conducted responsibly. Figure 3 illustrates the impact of alien pine trees on local arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities (Adapted from Gazol et al., 2016) Image caption: The study was conducted in two regions with different biogeographic histories: South Africa and Argentina. In South Africa, where no native ectomycorrhizal (EcM) plant species are present, the introduction of alien pines resulted in a decrease in AM fungal richness and significantly altered the community composition. In contrast, in Argentina, where EcM trees occur naturally, the planting of alien pines had a smaller effect on the richness and composition of AM fungal communities. Overall, the presence of alien pines led to subtle changes in the phylogenetic structure of AM fungal communities in both regions (Adapted from Gazol et al., 2016) 8.3 Long-term sustainability The long-term sustainability of using transgenic pines for disease resistance hinges on several factors, including the durability of resistance, the maintenance of genetic diversity, and the adaptability of trees to changing environmental conditions. One concern is the potential for pathogens to evolve and overcome resistance conferred by transgenes. To address this, strategies such as pyramiding multiple resistance genes and using gene editing technologies to enhance resistance durability are being explored (Voronova et al., 2020). Maintaining genetic diversity within pine populations is critical for resilience against future environmental changes. Genetic conservation efforts, such as ex situ conservation of seeds and in situ protection of diverse genetic resources, play a vital role in preserving the adaptive potential of pine species (Sniezko et al., 2017). These conservation strategies ensure that valuable genetic traits are not lost and can be utilized in future breeding programs. Moreover, the integration of transgenic pines into forest management practices must consider long-term ecological impacts. Sustainable forestry practices, combined with continuous monitoring and adaptive management, are essential to balance the benefits of transgenic technologies with the preservation of ecosystem health and biodiversity. 9 Concluding Remarks The research on pine disease resistance genes has advanced significantly, particularly in understanding the genetic basis and molecular mechanisms of resistance. Key findings include the identification of crucial resistance genes
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