Molecular Pathogens 2024, Vol.15, No.3, 142-154 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 149 However, challenges remain. One major challenge is the genetic complexity of resistance traits, which often involve multiple genes and gene-environment interactions. This complexity can complicate the selection process and requires comprehensive genomic studies to fully understand the resistance mechanisms. The long generation times of trees pose a challenge for breeding programs, necessitating the use of advanced techniques like marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection to accelerate progress. Moreover, the variability in pathogen strains and environmental conditions can affect the consistency of resistance expression. For instance, some resistance genes may be effective against certain pathogen strains but not others, highlighting the need for continuous monitoring and evaluation of resistance traits across different regions and conditions. Figure 2 Phylogenetic analysis of putative PR10 and PR10-like proteins from four five-needle pines (Adopted from Liu et al., 2021) Image caption: Through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis, these PR10 genes were found to be differentially regulated under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. The figure further emphasizes the multifunctionality of PR10 proteins in plant growth, development, and defense responses. Particularly, their significant role in combating fungal and other pathogen infections is highlighted. The study indicates that these gene family members play a crucial role in the quantitative disease resistance of five-needle pines to white pine blister rust (WPBR) (Adapted from Liu et al., 2021)
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