Molecular Pathogens 2024, Vol.15, No.3, 129-141 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 131 population decrease in mites. Lower viral loads of deformed wing virus (DWV) in resistant bees further enhance colony health and survival. Over time, selective pressures favoring drone over worker cells have resulted in reduced worker brood infestation. This comprehensive approach highlights the interconnectedness of various behaviors and biological responses in achieving and maintaining Varroa resistance. Figure 1 A proposed framework for the development of Varroaresistance (Adopted from Grindrod and Martin, 2021) Image caption: Boxes in blue (a) or with a blue border (b, d, h) are ‘causes’ of the ‘effects’ that are indicated by boxes in orange (i, j) or with orange borders (b-g). All source data for each chart are available in the electronic supplementary material, tables S1-S8 and figure S1. Arrows with a question mark indicate possible links suggested in the literature. In box h, the red arrow indicates that in untreated, susceptible colonies Varroa infestations continuously rise until colony death. Deformed wing virus data in box g are adapted from-and discussed below (Adopted from Grindrod and Martin, 2021) In summary, honeybee populations are under threat from a range of pathogens, including viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases, as well as parasitic infestations. The interaction between these pathogens and environmental factors complicates the management of honeybee health, necessitating integrated approaches to mitigate their impact.
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