Molecular Pathogens 2024, Vol.15, No.3, 106-118 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 117 based on molecular functions and interactions, which can aid in the strategic deployment of these genes for durable resistance. Breeding programs should also prioritize the integration of advanced molecular techniques such as CRISPR/Cas-9 and GWAS to enhance the precision and efficiency of developing resistant cultivars. Finally, collaboration among international research communities and the sharing of genomic resources will be crucial in addressing the global challenges of wheat disease resistance and ensuring food security. Acknowledgments The MicroSci Publisher extend sincere thanks to two anonymous peer reviewers for their comments on the manuscript of this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Babu P., Baranwal D., Harikrishna, Pal D., Bharti H., Joshi P., Thiyagarajan B., Gaikwad K., Bhardwaj S., Singh G., and Singh A., 2020, Application of genomics tools in wheat breeding to attain durable rust resistance, Frontiers in Plant Science, 11: 567147. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.567147 Brown J., 2015, Durable resistance of crops to disease: a Darwinian perspective, Annual Review of Phytopathology, 53: 513-39. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-102313-045914 Deng Y., Ning Y., Yang D., Zhai K., Wang G., and He Z., 2020, Molecular basis of disease resistance and perspectives on breeding strategies for resistance improvement in crops, Molecular Plant, 13(10): 1402-1419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2020.09.018 Figlan S., Ntushelo K., Mwadzingeni L., Terefe T., Tsilo T., and Shimelis H., 2020, Breeding wheat for durable leaf rust resistance in southern africa: variability, distribution, current control strategies, challenges and future prospects, Frontiers in Plant Science, 11: 549. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00549 Hafeez A., Arora S., Ghosh S., Gilbert D., Bowden R., and Wulff B., 2021, Creation and judicious application of a wheat resistance gene atlas, Molecular Plant, 14(7): 1053-1070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2021.05.014 Jabran M., Ali M., Zahoor A., Muhae-Ud-Din G., Liu T., Chen W., and Gao L., 2023, Intelligent reprogramming of wheat for enhancement of fungal and nematode disease resistance using advanced molecular techniques, Frontiers in Plant Science, 14: 1132699. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1132699 Johnson R., 2004, Past, present and future opportunities in breeding for disease resistance, with examples from wheat, Euphytica, 63: 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00023908. Kaur N., Street K., Mackay M., Yahiaoui N., and Keller B., 2008, Molecular approaches for characterization and use of natural disease resistance in wheat, European Journal of Plant Pathology, 121: 387-397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-007-9252-3 Krattinger S., and Keller, B., 2016, Molecular genetics and evolution of disease resistance in cereals, The New Phytologist, 212(2): 320-332. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14097 Kozub N., Sozinova O., Sozinov I., Karelov A., Janse L., Mishchenko L., Borzykh O., and Blume Y., 2022, Advances in durable resistance to diseases in staple food crops: a review, The Open Agriculture Journal. https://doi.org/10.2174/18743315-v16-e220922-2022-ht14-3623-2 Kuchel H., Fox R., Reinheimer J., Mosionek L., Willey N., Bariana H., and Jefferies S., 2007, The successful application of a marker-assisted wheat breeding strategy, Molecular Breeding, 20: 295-308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-007-9092-z Li Q., Wang B., Yu J.P., and Dou D.L., 2020, Pathogen-informed breeding for crop disease resistance, Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 63(2): 305-311. https://doi.org/10.1111/jipb.13029 Liu J., Liu D., Wj T., Li W., Wang S., Chen P., Cheng S., and Gao D., 2000, Molecular marker-facilitated pyramiding of different genes for powdery mildew resistance in wheat, Plant Breeding, 119(1): 21-24. https://doi.org/10.1046/J.1439-0523.2000.00431.X Liu D.M., Yuan C., Singh R.P., Randhawa M.S., Bhavani S., Kumar U., Huerta-Espino J., Lagudah E., and Lan C.X., 2022, Stripe rust and leaf rust resistance in CIMMYT wheat line “Mucuy” is conferred by combinations of race-specific and adult-plant resistance loci, Frontiers in Plant Science, 13: 880138. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.880138 Lowe I, Cantu D, Dubcovsky J., 2011, Durable resistance to the wheat rusts: integrating systems biology and traditional phenotype-based research methods to guide the deployment of resistance genes, Euphytica, 179(1): 69-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-010-0311-z Luo K., He D., Guo J., Li G., Li B., and Chen X., 2023, Molecular advances in breeding for durable resistance against pests and diseases in wheat: opportunities and challenges, Agronomy, 13(3): 628. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030628
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