Molecular Pathogens 2024, Vol.15, No.2, 50-60 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 53 agents (MacAlpine et al., 2022). In summary, microbial predators offer a multifaceted approach to disease management by targeting pathogenic bacteria, controlling fungal infections, and providing applications in both agriculture and medicine. Their ability to interact with and regulate other microorganisms presents a new frontier in sustainable disease management strategies. Figure 1 Bacterial origin of cytotoxic benzolactones fromM. verticillatacultures (Adopted from Büttner et al., 2021) Image capton: (A) Cytotoxic lactone compounds assigned to endofungal symbionts from the fungus R. microsporus (1–4), M. verticillata (3–4), Pseudomonas sp. (5), and a tunicate and the bacteriumGynuella sunshinyii (6). (B) Metabolic profiles of extracts from Burkholderia sp. strain B8 and M. verticillata NRRL 6337 as symbiont or cured strain as total ion chromatograms in the negative mode. (C) Fluorescence micrograph depicting endosymbionts living in the fungal hyphae; staining with Calcofluor White and Syto9 Green. (D) Phylogenetic relationships of Mortierella symbionts, Burkholderia sp. strain B8, and other bacteria based on 16S rDNA. BRE, Burkholderia-related endosymbiont of Mortierella spp. (E) Metabolic profiles of extracts from M. verticillata NRRL 6337 and other necroxime-negative M. verticillata strains analyzed for endosymbionts in this study as total ion chromatograms in the negative mode. M, medium component. (F) Growth of symbiotic M. verticillata NRRL 6337 in comparison to the cured strain. (Adopted from Büttner et al., 2021) Büttner et al. (2022) found that the cytotoxic benzolactones identified in Mortierella verticillata cultures are attributed to bacterial endosymbionts. They observed distinct metabolic profiles in extracts from both Burkholderia sp. strain B8 and M. verticillata, which contain these endosymbionts, compared to the cured strain
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