Molecular Pathogens 2024, Vol.15, No.2, 93-105 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 99 Figure 3 Screening of antagonistic bacteria against Fusarium oxysporum in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping (IRHB) and soybean monoculture (MRHB) systems (Adapted from Chang et al., 2022) Image caption: A: In vitro dual culture assay showing antagonistic interactions between Fusarium oxysporum (F.o) and different antagonistic bacterial strains; B: Inhibition rates of different antagonistic strains on the mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum. Data are presented as mean ± standard error (SEM). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05); C: Phylogenetic tree of 11 antagonistic bacterial strains based on 16S rDNA sequences. Red triangles indicate antagonistic strains isolated from IRHB and MRHB samples (Adapted from Chang et al., 2022) Chang et al. (2022) compared the inhibitory effects of antagonistic bacterial strains isolated from maize-soybean relay strip intercropping (IRHB) and soybean monoculture (MRHB) systems against Fusarium oxysporum. The results showed significant differences in the inhibitory effects among the different strains, with some strains exhibiting particularly strong inhibition in the IRHB system. Phylogenetic analysis further identified the taxonomic positions of these antagonistic strains, providing candidate strains for developing effective biological control strategies. Metabarcoding and co-occurrence network analysis have also been employed to profile the bacterial, fungal, and Fusarium communities in maize stalks. This approach has identified several genera with biocontrol activity, including Sphingomonas, Pedobacter, and Flavobacterium, which show negative correlations with Fusariumspp. responsible for Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) (Cobo-Díaz et al., 2019). By understanding these microbial interactions, it is possible to develop strategies that enhance the natural microbiome of maize plants, thereby providing a robust defense against fungal pathogens. 6 Chemical Control Methods 6.1 Fungicides and their modes of cction Fungicides play a crucial role in managing Fusarium and other fungal pathogens in maize. The efficacy of fungicides such as prothioconazole, tebuconazole, and azoxystrobin has been well-documented. For instance, the
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