Molecular Pathogens 2024, Vol.15, No.2, 93-105 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 95 Epidemiological studies have shown that Fusariuminfections are influenced by various factors, including weather conditions, crop rotation practices, and the presence of insect vectors. Warm and humid conditions favor the growth and spread of Fusariumspecies, while conservation tillage and monoculture systems increase the risk of disease outbreaks (Munkvold, 2003; Czembor et al., 2014). Insects such as the European corn borer can create entry points for Fusariuminfection, exacerbating the disease severity (Munkvold, 2003). Understanding the life cycle and epidemiology of Fusariumand other fungal pathogens is crucial for developing integrated management strategies. These strategies include the use of resistant maize varieties, biological control agents such as Pseudomonas fluorescens and Glomus species, and cultural practices that reduce pathogen inoculum and spread (Nayaka et al., 2009; Olowe et al., 2020). 3 Impact of Fungal Pathogens on Maize 3.1 Yield losses and economic impact Fusarium species are among the most studied plant-pathogenic fungi, causing diseases such as Fusarium head blight and ear rot in maize, which result in significant yield losses globally. These infections not only reduce the quantity of the harvest but also diminish the quality and market value of the grain, leading to substantial economic losses (Glenn, 2007; Blacutt et al., 2018). For instance, Fusarium verticillioides, a prominent pathogen, is notorious for its ability to produce fumonisins, which are harmful mycotoxins that further degrade the quality of maize grains (Blacutt et al., 2018). The economic impact of Fusariuminfections extends beyond direct yield losses. The contamination of maize with mycotoxins necessitates additional costs for testing, management, and mitigation to ensure the safety of the food and feed supply. Regulations on maximum allowable levels of mycotoxins in various countries aim to protect consumers, but compliance with these regulations can be costly for producers (Ferrigo et al., 2016; Bryła et al., 2022). Moreover, the presence of mycotoxins can lead to trade restrictions and loss of market access, further exacerbating the economic burden on maize producers. 3.2 Mycotoxin contamination and health risks Mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species, such as deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and fumonisin B1, pose significant health risks to humans and animals. These secondary metabolites are toxic and can cause a range of acute and chronic health issues, including immunosuppression, carcinogenicity, and reproductive toxicity (Figure 1) (Mielniczuk et al., 2020; Savignac et al., 2023). The contamination of maize with these mycotoxins is a major concern for food safety and public health. Figure 1Fusariummycotoxin contamination and its mitigation strategies (Adapted from Mielniczuk et al., 2020)
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