Molecular Pathogens 2024, Vol.15, No.2, 83-92 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 85 diverse ecological environments, including plant surfaces, insect guts, and even non-plant environments such as aviation fuel tanks (Coutinho and Venter, 2009). Its ability to survive in different habitats is attributed to its genomic plasticity and the presence of mobile genetic elements (Weller-Stuart et al., 2017). Environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity also affect its spread and infection rates. For example, the bacterium has caused disease outbreaks in both tropical and temperate climates, indicating its strong adaptability to different environmental conditions (Bragard et al., 2023). Moreover, the presence of insect vectors and the availability of susceptible host plants are key factors promoting the spread of Pantoea ananatis (Krawczyk et al., 2020a; Bing et al., 2022). Recent studies have found that Pantoea ananatis has caused infections in various crops across multiple countries and regions, including rice in West Africa, Spain, Italy, Russia, Cambodia, India, Japan, Malaysia, Thailand, and Australia; maize in Poland, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Ecuador, China, and South Africa; onions in the USA, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Korea; strawberries in Canada, Egypt, and China; as well as other minor crops. Multiple environmental factors are suitable for Pantoea ananatis to survive and spread as a plant pathogen (Figure 1). Figure 1 Distribution of Köppen-Geiger climate types BSh, BSk, Cfa, Cfb, Csa, Csb, Csc, Dfb and Dfc that occur in the EU and in third countries where P. ananatis has been reported (Adopted from Bragard et al., 2023) The figure from Bragard et al. (2023) shows the global distribution of Köppen-Geiger climate types. The legend lists the different Köppen-Geiger climate types, and the yellow dots indicate the specific locations where Pantoea ananatis has been reported. Initially, P. ananatis affected only pineapples in the tropical regions of the Philippines, but recent studies have found that this bacterium causes infections in various crops, including rice, maize, onions, and strawberries, across multiple countries and regions. This demonstrates the ability of P. ananatis to adapt to diverse environmental conditions, allowing it to survive and spread in different climate zones. Such wide-ranging environmental adaptability makes it a significant plant pathogen on a global scale. 4 Symptoms and Impact on Wheat 4.1 Identification of symptoms in wheat plants Pantoea ananatis has been identified as a pathogen affecting wheat plants, causing distinct symptoms that can be observed in the field. The primary symptoms include brownish lesions with clear margins and a yellow halo on the leaves, which are indicative of bacterial infection. These symptoms were first noted during routine monitoring of wheat pests in the Greater Poland region, where leaves wounded by the cereal leaf beetle (CLB) displayed these
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