Molecular Pathogens 2024, Vol.15, No.2, 72-82 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 80 and produce secondary metabolites. Furthermore, the identification of novel microbial species and their genomic characteristics can inform the development of biotechnological applications, such as the use of kelp-associated bacteria in marine drug discovery. Future research should focus on long-term monitoring of changes in kelp-associated microbial communities under different environmental conditions to identify potential pathogenic shifts and their triggers. Functional genomics approaches should be employed to elucidate the specific roles of microbial genes in kelp health and disease, including studying gene expression profiles and metabolic pathways in response to biotic and abiotic stressors. Investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying host-microbe interactions, including the signaling pathways involved in microbial colonization and host defense responses, should also be a priority. Exploring the potential of kelp-associated microbes for biotechnological applications, such as developing probiotics for kelp aquaculture or discovering novel antimicrobial compounds, is crucial. Additionally, developing rapid and accurate methods for identifying kelp pathogens and assessing the efficacy of various control strategies, including using natural microbial antagonists and genetic resistance in kelp, is essential. By addressing these research areas, we can enhance our understanding of kelp pathogens and develop effective strategies to mitigate their impact on kelp ecosystems and aquaculture. Acknowledgments The author sincerely thanks the two anonymous peer reviewers for their detailed review and valuable feedback on the manuscript of this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Ahmed F., Kumar G., Soliman F., Adly M., Soliman H., El-Matbouli M., and Saleh M., 2019, Proteomics for understanding pathogenesis immune modulation and host pathogen interactions in aquaculture., Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part D Genomics and Proteomics, 32: 100625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbd.2019.100625 Alker A., Hern N., Ali M., Baez M., Baswell B., Baxter B., Blitz A., Calimlim T., Chevalier C., Eguia C., Esparza T., Fuller A., Gwynn C., Hedin A., Johnson R., Kaur M., Laxina R., Lee K., Maguire P., Martelino I., Melendez J., Navarro J., Navarro J., Osborn J., Padilla M., Peralta N., Pureza J., Rojas J., Romo T., Sakha M., Salcedo G., Sims K., Trieu T., Niesman I., and Shikuma N., 2022, Draft genome sequence of Nereida sp. Strain MMG025 isolated from giant kelp, Microbiology Resource Announcements, 11(6): e00122-22. https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.00122-22 Bernard M., Strittmatter M., Murúa P., Heesch S., Cho G., Leblanc C., and Peters A., 2018, Diversity biogeography and host specificity of kelp endophytes with a focus on the genera Laminarionema and Laminariocolax (Ectocarpales Phaeophyceae), European Journal of Phycology, 54(1): 39-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2018.1502816 Bringloe T., Sauermann R., Krause‐Jensen D., Olesen B., Klimova A., Klochkova T., and Verbruggen H., 2021, High-throughput sequencing of the kelp Alaria (Phaeophyceae) reveals epi-endobiotic associations including a likely phaeophycean parasite, European Journal of Phycology, 56(4): 494-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2021.1882704 Busschaert P., Frans I., Crauwels S., Zhu B., Willems K., Bossier P., Michiels C., Verstrepen K., Lievens B., and Rediers H., 2015, Comparative genome sequencing to assess the genetic diversity and virulence attributes of 15 Vibrio anguillarum isolates, Journal of fish diseases 38(9): 795-807. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12290 Byadgi O., Rahmawaty A., Wang P., and Chen S., 2022, Comparative genomics of Edwardsiella anguillarumand Edwardsiella piscicida isolated in Taiwan enables the identification of distinctive features and potential virulence factors using Oxford-Nanopore MinION® sequencing., Journal of fish diseases, 46(4): 287-297. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13743 Castillo D., Alvise P., Xu R., Zhang F., Middelboe M., and Gram L., 2017, Comparative Genome Analyses of Vibrio anguillarum Strains Reveal a Link with Pathogenicity Traits, mSystems, 2(1): 10-1128. https://doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00001-17 Clark J., and Maresso A., 2021, Comparative pathogenomics of Escherichia coli: polyvalent vaccine target identification through virulome analysis, Infection and Immunity, 89(8): 1. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00115-21
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