Molecular Pathogens 2024, Vol.15, No.2, 61-71 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 65 especially true for vaccines requiring high biocontainment facilities and advanced technologies (Farnós et al., 2020; Brake et al., 2021). Moreover, the market for veterinary vaccines is influenced by various factors, including the economic burden of the targeted disease, the feasibility of large-scale vaccine production, and the socio-economic context in which the vaccines will be used (Thomas et al., 2019). In low- and middle-income countries, where the burden of zoonotic diseases is often highest, the financial feasibility of vaccine development and deployment can be a significant barrier (Farnós et al., 2020; Excler et al., 2021). Public-private partnerships and investment in novel vaccine technologies can help address some of these economic challenges. By leveraging advances in human vaccine development and integrating socio-economic data into the decision-making process, the veterinary vaccine industry can improve resource allocation and enhance the impact of vaccination programs (Thomas et al., 2019; Aida et al., 2021; Brake et al., 2021). 5 Case Studies of Successful Veterinary Vaccines 5.1 Case study 1: vaccine for a specific emerging pathogen One notable example of a successful veterinary vaccine is the development of a vaccine for the COVID-19 virus in animals. The rapid development and deployment of COVID-19 vaccines for humans provided a framework that was adapted for veterinary use. The COVID-19 pandemic response leveraged innovations in vaccine technology, such as mRNA vaccines, which were quickly adapted to create effective vaccines for animals susceptible to the virus. This case highlights the importance of cross-species vaccination approaches and the potential for rapid vaccine development using advanced technologies (Figure 2) (Excler et al., 2021; Warimwe et al., 2021; Francis, 2022). Figure 2 Vaccine development pipeline (Adopted from Warimwe et al., 2021) Image caption: The typical vaccine development pipeline, beginning with target product profiling and culminating in licensure and deployment. It outlines the stages and estimated costs for both veterinary and human vaccines. While the process is depicted linearly, certain stages for a 'multispecies' vaccine may proceed concurrently. For example, the ChAdOx1 RVF vaccine for Rift Valley fever is set to be evaluated in human clinical trials simultaneously with veterinary development, utilizing the same initial manufacturing material. GMP stands for good manufacturing practice (Adapted from Warimwe et al., 2021)
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