Molecular Pathogens 2024, Vol.15, No.2, 61-71 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 63 3 Current Trends in Veterinary Vaccine Development 3.1 Traditional vaccine approaches Traditional veterinary vaccines, such as inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines, have been instrumental in controlling numerous viral diseases in livestock and poultry. These vaccines have significantly contributed to livestock productivity, food security, and the reduction of morbidity and mortality associated with various zoonotic diseases (Aida et al., 2021; Fawzy et al., 2021). However, traditional vaccines often require high doses and multiple immunizations to achieve effective immune responses, as seen with inactivated influenza vaccines for H5N1 (Nicolodi et al., 2019). Additionally, live-attenuated vaccines, while effective, pose safety concerns due to the potential for reversion to virulence (Damme et al., 2019). 3.2 Advances in vaccine technologies Recent advancements in vaccine technologies have led to the development of third-generation vaccines, including DNA, RNA, and recombinant viral-vector vaccines. These novel vaccines offer several advantages over traditional approaches, such as the ability to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses, economic manufacturing, and enhanced safety profiles (Figure 1) (Brisse et al., 2020; Aida et al., 2021). For instance, nanoparticle-based vaccines have emerged as a promising platform, providing improved antigen presentation and the potential for rapid deployment in response to emerging infectious diseases (Fawzy et al., 2021; Files et al., 2022). Additionally, chimeric hemagglutinin-based vaccines have shown the potential to induce broad and long-lasting immunity against influenza viruses, suggesting their utility in developing universal vaccines (Bernstein et al., 2019; Nachbagauer et al., 2020). Figure 1 Overview of six novel vaccine technologies (Adapted from Aida et al., 2021) Image caption: A simplified summary of six innovative vaccine technologies, from antigen generation to vaccination. Plasmid-DNA vaccines start with inserting the target antigen gene into a plasmid, which, upon vaccination, translates into the desired protein within the recipient's cells, eliciting an immune response. Recombinant and chimeric protein vaccines also use transfected cell lines to express antigens, which are then purified and formulated into vaccines. Chimeric viral vaccines employ plasmids containing the whole virus genome and target antigen gene to produce viruses expressing these antigens. Viral vector vaccines use engineered viruses to deliver genes into host cells, where they are transcribed into target antigens. RNA replicon vaccines utilize RNA segments encoding antigens within vesicle carriers, leading to direct antigen translation in host cells and triggering an immune response (Adapted from Aida et al., 2021)
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzNA==