Molecular Pathogens 2024, Vol.15, No.2, 61-71 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 62 highlights the importance of a One Health approach in accelerating vaccine development for shared health threats between humans and animals. Additionally, this study provides insights into future directions and priorities for research and development in veterinary vaccinology. By addressing these objectives, this study seeks to contribute to the ongoing efforts to develop effective vaccines that can mitigate the impact of emerging pathogens on global health. 2 Overview of Emerging Pathogens 2.1 Definition and characteristics of emerging pathogens Emerging pathogens are microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites, that have recently increased in incidence or geographic range, or have the potential to do so. These pathogens often arise due to changes in the environment, human behavior, or pathogen evolution. They can cause new or previously unrecognized diseases and are often characterized by their ability to infect multiple species, including humans and animals, leading to zoonotic diseases (Trovato et al., 2020; Tse et al., 2020; Warimwe et al., 2021). 2.2 Examples of notable emerging pathogens in animals Several emerging pathogens have been identified in animals, posing significant threats to both animal and public health. Notable examples include: Coronaviruses: Emerging coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 have caused significant outbreaks in humans and animals. These viruses are known for their ability to jump species barriers, leading to zoonotic transmission (Trovato et al., 2020; Tse et al., 2020). Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV): This virus affects poultry and has significant economic impacts, particularly in regions like Sub-Saharan Africa. The development of adenovirus-vectored vaccines is a promising approach to control NDV outbreaks (Farnós et al., 2020). Rabies Virus: Although rabies is a well-known disease, it remains a significant emerging threat in certain regions due to its high mortality rate and the challenges in controlling its spread among wildlife and domestic animals (Le et al., 2022). Zika Virus: Initially identified in monkeys, Zika virus has emerged as a significant pathogen affecting both humans and animals, with severe implications for public health (Le et al., 2022). 2.3 Impact on animal health and public health Emerging pathogens have profound impacts on both animal and public health. In animals, these pathogens can lead to severe diseases, reduced productivity, and economic losses. For instance, outbreaks of diseases like Newcastle Disease in poultry can devastate local economies and food security (Farnós et al., 2020; Shuja et al., 2022). From a public health perspective, zoonotic pathogens pose a significant risk as they can be transmitted from animals to humans, leading to outbreaks and pandemics. The COVID-19 pandemic is a stark reminder of the potential impact of zoonotic diseases on global health. More than 70% of emerging infectious diseases in humans are zoonotic, highlighting the critical need for a One Health approach that integrates human, animal, and environmental health to effectively manage these threats (Trovato et al., 2020; Tse et al., 2020; Warimwe et al., 2021). In conclusion, the emergence of new pathogens necessitates continuous monitoring, research, and the development of innovative vaccines and therapeutic strategies to mitigate their impact on both animal and public health. The integration of advanced technologies, such as mRNA vaccines and nanovaccines, holds promise for addressing these challenges and improving global health outcomes (Celis-Giraldo et al., 2021; Gebre et al., 2021; Le et al., 2022).
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