Molecular Pathogens 2024, Vol.15, No.2, 61-71 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 61 Review Article Open Access Global Trends in Veterinary Vaccine Development for Emerging Pathogens Xian He, Sibin Wang Center for Tropical Animal Resources Research, Hainan Institute of Tropical Agricultural Resources, Sanya, 572024, Hainan, China Corresponding author: sibin.wang@hitar.org Molecular Pathogens, 2024, Vol.15, No.2 doi: 10.5376/mp.2024.15.0007 Received: 18 Jan., 2024 Accepted: 29 Feb., 2024 Published: 25 Mar., 2024 Copyright © 2024 He and Wang, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: He X., and Wang S.B., 2024, Global trends in veterinary vaccine development for emerging pathogens, Molecular Pathogens, 15(2): 61-71 (doi: 10.5376/mp.2024.15.0007) Abstract The development of veterinary vaccines for emerging pathogens is a critical area of research that addresses both animal and public health concerns. This study explores global trends in veterinary vaccine development, focusing on innovative technologies and methodologies that have emerged in recent years. Traditional vaccines, while effective, have limitations such as variable efficacy and adverse effects. Recent advancements in nanotechnology, mRNA vaccines, and viral vector platforms offer promising alternatives to overcome these challenges. Nanovaccines, for instance, utilize nanoparticles to enhance antigen delivery and immune response, providing a novel approach to combat persistent and rapidly evolving pathogens. The "One Health" approach emphasizes the interconnectedness of human and animal health, advocating for cross-species vaccination strategies to control zoonotic diseases. Additionally, the integration of socio-economic data into vaccine development can improve resource allocation and disease management, drawing lessons from human vaccinology. This study highlights the importance of continuous innovation and interdisciplinary collaboration in developing effective veterinary vaccines to safeguard both animal and human health. Keywords Veterinary vaccines; Emerging pathogens; Nanotechnology; mRNA vaccines; One Health 1 Introduction Emerging pathogens pose significant threats to both human and animal health, often originating from wildlife and spreading through zoonotic transmission. Notable examples include Ebola, Marburg hemorrhagic fevers, Lassa fever, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, West Nile fever, Zika, and Chikungunya, which have had profound impacts on global health and economies (Trovato et al., 2020). The emergence and re-emergence of these pathogens are often driven by factors such as climate change, socioeconomic shifts, and increased human-animal interactions, which facilitate the spread of viruses to new geographical areas (Marchi et al., 2018). In veterinary medicine, the emergence of numerous animal viruses has highlighted the necessity for effective disease control measures, including the development of vaccines (Allam et al., 2023). Vaccination remains one of the most effective tools for preventing infectious diseases, significantly reducing morbidity and mortality rates (Trovato et al., 2020). The rapid development of vaccines, as demonstrated during the COVID-19 pandemic, underscores the critical role of vaccines in managing disease outbreaks and curtailing epidemic spread (Warimwe et al., 2021). Traditional vaccine technologies, while successful in many cases, face limitations when dealing with rapidly evolving pathogens, complex viral antigens, and emerging diseases (Gebre et al., 2021). Therefore, novel vaccine technologies, such as nucleic acid and viral vector vaccines, are being explored to address these challenges and improve vaccine efficacy and production speed (Brisse et al., 2020; Gebre et al., 2021). In veterinary medicine, the development of vaccines is crucial for controlling diseases that affect both animals and humans, thereby protecting public health and ensuring food security (Vrba et al., 2020; Allam et al., 2023). This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of global trends in veterinary vaccine development for emerging pathogens. This study examines the current state of vaccine development for emerging and re-emerging pathogens in veterinary medicine, identifies the challenges and hurdles in developing effective vaccines for these pathogens, explores novel vaccine technologies and their potential applications in veterinary medicine, and
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