Molecular Pathogens 2024, Vol.15, No.1, 40-49 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 47 breeders to select plants based on DNA sequences associated with desirable traits, thus improving the efficiency of breeding programs. Techniques such as gene overexpression, gene silencing, and RNA interference have been employed to control fungal and oomycete diseases in grapevines, demonstrating the potential of these methods to enhance disease resistance. The integration of genomic prediction methods, such as GBLUP and LASSO, has shown variability in predictive abilities across traits, but overall, it has accelerated the breeding process by identifying superior individuals for specific breeding programs. The pyramiding of resistance genes, such as RUN1 and REN1, has led to improved defense responses and enhanced resistance to powdery mildew in grapevines. Genomic approaches are crucial in modern grapevine breeding programs for several reasons. Genomic tools allow for precise manipulation and selection of resistance genes, significantly reducing the time and resources required for traditional breeding methods. By targeting specific genes associated with disease resistance, genomic approaches can create grapevine varieties that are more resilient to pathogens, reducing the need for chemical treatments and promoting sustainable agriculture. Genomic studies provide insights into the molecular basis of pathogen specificity and resistance mechanisms, enabling the development of more durable resistance strategies. To further advance the field of grapevine breeding for disease resistance, the following recommendations are proposed. Increase the availability and characterization of genomic resources, including reference genomes and high-density marker arrays, to support more comprehensive genomic studies. Combine genomics with other omics technologies, such as transcriptomics and proteomics, to gain a deeper understanding of the complex interactions between grapevines and pathogens. Focus on the pyramiding of multiple resistance genes and the identification of multi-disease resistance QTLs to develop grapevine varieties with broad-spectrum and durable resistance. Foster collaboration between plant geneticists, pathologists, and breeders to ensure the effective translation of genomic research into practical breeding applications. Continue to refine genomic prediction models and explore the use of diverse training populations to improve the accuracy and reliability of predictions for complex traits. By addressing these recommendations, future research can build on the current advancements and further enhance the resilience of grapevine cultivars to various diseases, ultimately contributing to more sustainable and productive viticulture. Acknowledgments Thanks to the reviewing experts for their guidance on the the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Agurto M., Schlechter R., Armijo G., Solano E., Serrano C., Contreras R., Zúñiga G., and Arce-Johnson P., 2017, RUN1 and REN1 pyramiding in grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Crimson Seedless) displays an improved defense response leading to enhanced resistance to powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator), Frontiers in Plant Science, 8: 758. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00758 Arruda M., Lipka A., Brown P., Krill A., Thurber C., Brown-Guedira G., Dong Y., Foresman B., and Kolb F., 2016, Comparing genomic selection and marker-assisted selection for Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivumL.), Molecular Breeding, 36: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-016-0508-5 Bassi F., Bentley A., Charmet G., Ortiz R., and Crossa J., 2016, Breeding schemes for the implementation of genomic selection in wheat (Triticumspp.), Plant Science: An International Journal of Experimental Plant Biology, 242: 23-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.08.021 Brault C., Segura V., Roques M., Lamblin P., Bouckenooghe V., Pouzalgues N., Cunty C., Breil M., Frouin M., Garcin L., Camps L., Ducasse M., Romieu C., Masson G., Julliard S., Flutre T., and Cunff L., 2023, Enhancing grapevine breeding efficiency through genomic prediction and selection index, bioRxiv, pp.1-21. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.07.31.551371
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