Molecular Pathogens 2024, Vol.15, No.1, 17-29 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mp 26 Additionally, the rapid spread of marine pathogens, such as herpes virus in pilchards and morbillivirus in marine mammals, underscores the need for robust epidemic models to predict and manage these outbreaks. The review also highlights the role of innate immunity in marine invertebrates and how environmental stressors can compromise immune responses, leading to increased disease susceptibility. Continued research in marine pathogen dynamics is crucial for several reasons. Understanding the specific mechanisms of disease transmission and the factors that influence outbreak dynamics can inform the development of effective management strategies. For example, the role of filter feeders in modulating disease spread suggests potential interventions to mitigate outbreaks. The impact of climate change on marine diseases necessitates ongoing monitoring and adaptive management approaches to enhance the resilience of marine ecosystems. The increasing frequency and severity of disease outbreaks in marine species, such as corals and marine mammals, highlight the urgent need for comprehensive studies to identify the underlying causes and develop targeted conservation efforts. The integration of modern paradigms, such as the host-microbiome-environment triad, can provide a more holistic understanding of disease dynamics and inform future research directions. Future studies should focus on several key areas to advance our understanding of marine pathogen dynamics and improve outbreak management.There is a need for more detailed modeling of disease transmission pathways, including the role of non-focal hosts and environmental factors, to predict and mitigate the spread of infectious diseases. Research should prioritize the identification of specific environmental stressors that compromise host immunity and facilitate pathogen proliferation, with a particular focus on the impacts of climate change and pollution. Interdisciplinary approaches that integrate microbiome studies with traditional disease ecology can provide deeper insights into the mechanisms driving disease outbreaks and inform more effective conservation strategies. Additionally, the development of adaptive management frameworks that incorporate real-time monitoring and forecasting of disease conditions can enhance the resilience of marine ecosystems to disease outbreaks. Collaborative efforts between researchers, policymakers, and stakeholders are essential to address the multifaceted challenges posed by marine diseases and ensure the sustainable management of marine resources. Acknowledgments Thank you very much for the feedback from the two peer reviewers, which made the article more comprehensive. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Alafeef M., Moitra P., and Pan D., 2020, Nano-enabled sensing approaches for pathogenic bacterial detection, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 165: 112276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112276 Amarasiri M., Furukawa T., Nakajima F., and Sei K., 2021, Pathogens and disease vectors/hosts monitoring in aquatic environments: Potential of using eDNA/eRNA based approach, The Science of the Total Environment, 796: 148810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148810 Amiri M., Bezaatpour A., Jafari H., Boukherroub R., and Szunerits S., 2018, Electrochemical methodologies for the detection of pathogens, ACS sensors, 3(6): 1069-1086. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.8b00239 Baker-Austin C., Triñanes J., González-Escalona N., and Martínez-Urtaza J., 2017, Non-cholera vibrios: the microbial barometer of climate change, Trends in microbiology, 25(1): 76-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2016.09.008 Behringer D., Wood C., Krkošek M., and Bushek D., 2020, Disease in fisheries and aquaculture, 183-210. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821632.003.0010 Bidegain G., Powell E., Klinck J., Ben-Horin T., and Hofmann E., 2016, Marine infectious disease dynamics and outbreak thresholds: contact transmission pandemic infection and the potential role of filter feeders, Ecosphere, 7(4): e01286. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1286
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