Molecular Microbiology Research 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 298-306 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mmr 304 7.2 Microbial consortia compatibility The compatibility of different microbial consortia is another critical consideration. The introduction of beneficial microorganisms such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, and potassium-solubilizing bacteria has been shown to improve the growth and disease resistance of kiwifruit (Li et al., 2017). However, the effectiveness of these microbial consortia can be influenced by their interactions with existing soil microbes and the specific needs of the kiwifruit plants. For example, sulfur application has been found to modify the microbial community structure, increasing the diversity and abundance of beneficial bacteria while reducing pathogenic fungi (Gu et al., 2021; Yang et al., 2022). Therefore, careful selection and management of microbial consortia are essential for optimizing their benefits. 7.3 Economic and practical aspects Economic and practical considerations are also vital when implementing beneficial microorganisms in kiwifruit cultivation. The cost of microbial inoculants, organic amendments, and additional labor must be weighed against the potential benefits in terms of yield and disease resistance. For instance, the use of organic amendments such as pig and sheep dung compost has been shown to improve kiwifruit productivity and microbial diversity, but it requires long-term investment and management (Liu et al., 2020). Similarly, eco-friendly methods for managing postharvest fungal decays, such as biological control and natural compounds, offer sustainable alternatives to synthetic fungicides but may involve higher initial costs and require more precise application techniques (Dai et al., 2021). The economic impact of disease outbreaks, such as bacterial canker caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, also underscores the importance of effective disease management strategies to minimize losses (Vanneste, 2017; Pan et al., 2020). 8 Concluding Remarks The studies reviewed highlight the significant role of beneficial microorganisms in enhancing the growth and disease resistance of kiwifruit. The application of nitrogen-fixing, phosphate-solubilizing, and potassium-solubilizing bacteria has been shown to improve the growth and development of kiwifruit plants, leading to better absorption of essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Long-term organic fertilization has also been found to increase rhizosphere microbial diversity and improve the yield and quality of kiwifruit by promoting beneficial bacteria and reducing pathogenic fungi. Additionally, different cultivation systems and treatments, such as rain-shelter cultivation and the application of oxalic acid and methyl jasmonate, have been shown to enhance disease resistance and fruit quality by modifying the microbial community structure and increasing the activity of defense-related enzymes. Beneficial microorganisms play a crucial role in sustainable agriculture by improving soil fertility, enhancing plant growth, and increasing disease resistance. The use of organic amendments and microbial inoculants can lead to a more diverse and complex microbial community in the rhizosphere, which is essential for nutrient cycling and plant health. These practices not only reduce the reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides but also promote a healthier and more resilient agricultural ecosystem. The findings from the studies reviewed underscore the potential of integrating beneficial microorganisms into kiwifruit cultivation to achieve sustainable and high-yielding production systems. Future research should focus on several key areas to enhance the understanding and application of beneficial microorganisms in kiwifruit cultivation. One crucial area is the investigation of the specific mechanisms through which beneficial microorganisms interact with kiwifruit plants and other soil microbes to promote growth and disease resistance. This involves studying the signaling pathways and metabolic processes involved in these interactions. Additionally, there is a need to develop and optimize microbial inoculants that combine multiple beneficial strains to maximize their positive effects on kiwifruit growth and health. This includes exploring the synergistic effects of different microbial species and determining their optimal application rates. Long-term field studies are also essential to evaluate the sustainability and effectiveness of using beneficial microorganisms under
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