Molecular Microbiology Research 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 298-306 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mmr 303 Figure 2 The contact bactericidal activity of biocontrol bacteria against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) was detected bymixed culture at different temperatures (Adopted from Shao et al., 2023) Image caption: (a) Four anti-Psa agents showed contact-dependent inhibition activity under normal (28 ℃) and low (16 ℃) temperature conditions. The Psa_M228 strain was labelled with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Kiwifruit biocontrol agents (KBAs)were labelled with mCherry. (b) Four anti-Psa agents showed contact-dependent inhibition activity at normal temperature (28 ℃), but not atlow temperature (16 °C). (c) The fluorescence intensity of GFP-labelled Psa_M228. High intensity indicates that bacteria are alive, while lowintensity indicates KBAs killed the bacteria. (d) The fluorescence intensity of GFP-labelled Psa_M228 was only detected at low temperature(16 ℃). The fluorescence intensity (GFP) of monocultured Psa_M228 strain at both 28 ℃ and 16 ℃ was defined as “1”. All experiments wererepeated at least three times. Average data from three experiments are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3 in each repeat). Asterisks indicatesignificant differences compared with the control (*p < 0.05, **p <0.01, ***p < 0.001, two-tailed t test) (Adopted from Shao et al., 2023) In summary, the integration of beneficial bacteria, effective fungal applications, and combined microbial treatments offers a promising approach to enhance the growth, yield, and disease resistance of kiwifruit. These strategies not only improve plant health but also contribute to sustainable agricultural practices. 7 Challenges and Considerations 7.1 Environmental factors Environmental conditions play a crucial role in the effectiveness of beneficial microorganisms in kiwifruit cultivation. Variations in soil moisture, temperature, and pH can significantly impact microbial activity and plant-microbe interactions. For instance, intercropping Vicia sativa L. has been shown to improve soil moisture and microbial community in young kiwifruit orchards, which in turn enhances plant growth (Wang et al., 2021). Additionally, different cultivation systems, such as open-field versus rain-shelter, can alter the composition of microbial communities, affecting disease resistance and fruit quality (Sui et al., 2021). Long-term organic fertilization has also been found to improve soil pH and nutrient content, thereby enhancing microbial diversity and plant growth (Liu et al., 2020).
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