Molecular Microbiology Research 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 298-306 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mmr 301 Psa (Zhang t al., 2021). Similarly, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) treatment has been found to upregulate defense-related genes and increase the production of phenolic compounds, thereby enhancing resistance to Botryosphaeria dothidea(Figure 1) (Duan et al., 2022). Figure 1 Infection symptoms (Adopted from Duan et al., 2022) Image caption: (A) in kiwifruit at 10 days after inoculation with Botryosphaeria dothidea. The lesion area (B) of kiwifruit [control (CK), H2S] with inoculation of B. dothidea during storage at 25 ℃. Vertical bars represented the standard errors. Letters indicate significant differences (P< 0.05) (Adopted from Duan et al., 2022) 4.3 Competitive exclusion Competitive exclusion involves beneficial microorganisms outcompeting pathogens for resources and space, thereby preventing pathogen colonization. Long-term organic fertilization has been shown to increase the diversity and abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Pseudomonas and Burkholderia in the rhizosphere of kiwifruit, which in turn reduces the relative abundance of pathogenic fungi like Fusarium(Liu et al., 2020; Li et al., 2021). This microbial competition creates an unfavorable environment for pathogens, thereby enhancing the overall disease resistance of the plant (Sui et al., 2021; Gu et al., 2021). In summary, the integration of beneficial microorganisms in kiwifruit cultivation can significantly enhance disease resistance through various mechanisms, including the production of antimicrobial compounds, lytic enzyme secretion, induced systemic resistance, and competitive exclusion. These strategies not only improve plant health but also contribute to sustainable agricultural practices. 5 Applications in Kiwifruit Cultivation 5.1 Inoculation techniques Inoculation techniques play a crucial role in the successful application of beneficial microorganisms in kiwifruit cultivation. Various studies have demonstrated the positive impact of inoculating kiwifruit plants with specific microbial strains. For instance, the use of nitrogen-fixing, phosphate-solubilizing, and potassium-solubilizing bacteria has been shown to significantly enhance the growth and disease resistance of kiwifruit plants (Shen et al., 2016; Li et al., 2017). Additionally, the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi has been found to improve drought tolerance and nutrient uptake in kiwifruit seedlings, further promoting plant growth and resilience (Xia et al., 2022). 5.2 Formulation and delivery methods The formulation and delivery methods of beneficial microorganisms are critical for their effectiveness in kiwifruit cultivation. Long-term organic fertilization, which includes the use of composts, has been shown to increase
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