Molecular Microbiology Research 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 298-306 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mmr 299 improve kiwifruit cultivation practices. The study will also highlight potential areas for future research to further optimize the use of these microorganisms in sustainable agriculture. 2 Types of Beneficial Microorganisms Beneficial microorganisms play a crucial role in enhancing the growth and disease resistance of kiwifruit. These microorganisms include bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, each contributing uniquely to the health and productivity of kiwifruit plants. 2.1 Bacteria Bacteria are one of the most significant groups of beneficial microorganisms in kiwifruit cultivation. They contribute to nutrient cycling, disease suppression, and plant growth promotion. For instance, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, and potassium-solubilizing bacteria have been shown to improve the growth and development of kiwifruit by enhancing nutrient uptake and disease resistance (Li et al., 2017). Additionally, specific bacterial genera such as Pseudomonas and Burkholderia have been identified as plant growth-promoting bacteria that increase the yield and quality of kiwifruit (Liu et al., 2020). Moreover, endophytic bacteria from medicinal plants like Mānuka have demonstrated biocontrol activity against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), the causal agent of bacterial canker in kiwifruit, by producing antibiotic compounds (Wicaksono et al., 2018). 2.2Fungi Fungi also play a vital role in kiwifruit cultivation by improving soil health and plant resistance to diseases. The application of organic amendments has been shown to reduce the relative abundance of plant pathogenic fungi such as Fusarium, thereby enhancing the overall health of the kiwifruit rhizosphere (Liu et al., 2020; Gu et al., 2021). Furthermore, certain fungal taxa, including those from the orders Capnodiales and Hypocreales, have been associated with reduced disease incidence in kiwifruit when grown under rain-shelter cultivation systems (Sui et al., 2021; Yang et al., 2022). These beneficial fungi contribute to the microbial diversity and complexity of the soil, which in turn supports the growth and resilience of kiwifruit plants. 2.3 Actinomycetes Actinomycetes are a group of filamentous bacteria known for their ability to produce antibiotics and other bioactive compounds. They play a significant role in suppressing soil-borne pathogens and promoting plant health. In kiwifruit cultivation, the application of effective microorganisms (EMs) containing actinomycetes has been shown to increase the counts of these beneficial microbes in the soil, thereby enhancing nutrient availability and disease resistance (Fan et al., 2016). The presence of actinomycetes in the soil is positively correlated with improved plant growth and reduced disease severity, making them an essential component of sustainable kiwifruit cultivation practices. In summary, the integration of beneficial bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes into kiwifruit cultivation systems can significantly enhance plant growth, nutrient uptake, and disease resistance, leading to higher yields and better fruit quality (Qin et al., 2022). 3 Mechanisms of Growth Enhancement 3.1 Nutrient uptake facilitation Nitrogen-fixing bacteria play a crucial role in enhancing the growth of kiwifruit by converting atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can absorb and utilize. Studies have shown that the application of nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens significantly increases the availability of nitrogen in the soil, thereby promoting the growth of kiwifruit plantlets (Shen et al., 2016; Li et al., 2017). This process not only improves the nitrogen content in the soil but also enhances the overall biomass and nutrient accumulation in the plants. Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria are essential for converting insoluble forms of phosphorus into soluble forms that plants can absorb. The use of Bacillus pumilus has been demonstrated to increase the availability of phosphorus in the soil, which is critical for the growth and development of kiwifruit. Enhanced phosphate solubilization leads to
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzNA==