Molecular Microbiology Research 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 248-258 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mmr 253 Additionally, the application of beneficial microbes has been found to enhance plant growth and health under nematode stress, as demonstrated in studies with Bacopa monnieri, where microbial inoculations led to higher biomass and nitrogen uptake (Gupta et al., 2019). These findings suggest that similar strategies could be employed to improve the stress tolerance of kiwifruit plants. Table 1 Effects of sulfur on the microbial characteristics of the kiwifruit rhizosphere soil (Adopted from Yang et al., 2022) Treatment Bacteria (×105 cfu/g) Pi (%) Fungi (×104 cfu/g) Pi (%) Actinomyces (×104 cfu/g) Pi (%) Total amount of microorganisms (×105 cfu/g) SMBC (mg/kg) SMBN (mg/kg) DI S0 53.00±4.6b 99.87 0.33 ± 0.58b 0.06 0.33 ± 0.23c 0.06 53.07 395.33 ± 15.17c,d 38.37 ± 1.40c 0.0105 S0.5 57.66 ± 7.26b 97.94 3.00 ± 1.73a 0.51 9.00 ± 1.41b 1.53 58.87 405.33 ± 2.51b,c 39.33 ± 1.01b,c 0.1112 S1.0 94.00 ± 20.77a 99.47 0.33 ± 0.33b 0.11 0.67 ± 0.47c 0.07 94.5 421.00 ± 9.16a,b 41.32 ± 0.99a,b 0.1994 S1.5 60.67 ± 5.10b 99.74 0.33 ± 0.33b 0.16 1.33 ± 0.94c 0.22 60.48 432.00 ± 8.92a 42.20 ± 0.77a 0.0277 S2.0 48.67 ± 4.09b 99.73 1.33 ± 0.58b 0.27 0.00 ± 0.00c 0 48.8 421.33 ± 3.21a,b 39.13 ± 2.15b,c $— S2.5 46.33 ± 8.29b 96.72 0.33 ± 0.33b 0.07 15.33 ± 3.29a 3.2 47.9 398.33 ± 8.33c,d 35.87 ± 1.11d 0.1474 S3.0 47.67 ± 8.05b 99.23 0.33 ± 0.33b 0.07 0.33 ± 0.23c 0.07 48.04 382.67 ± 8.51d 31.78 ± 1.43e 0.0177 Table caption: S_: indicating that one or more microorganisms are not isolated; Pi: indicates the percentage of the total species of microorganisms; SMBC: Soil microbial biomass C; SMBN: Soil microbial biomass N; All data were obtained from a representative assay, the mean of four identical replicates ± SD; Different lowercase letters represented a significant difference (P < 0.05) (Adopted from Yang et al., 2022) The rhizosphere microbial community significantly impacts kiwifruit health by enhancing nutrient uptake, suppressing diseases through various mechanisms, and improving stress tolerance. These interactions underscore the importance of managing the rhizosphere microbiome for sustainable kiwifruit production. 5 Methods for Studying Rhizosphere Microbial Interactions 5.1 Molecular techniques Molecular techniques are pivotal in understanding the complex interactions within the rhizosphere microbial communities. These techniques include polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative PCR (qPCR), and next-generation sequencing (NGS). PCR and qPCR are used to amplify and quantify specific DNA sequences, allowing researchers to identify and measure the abundance of particular microbial taxa. NGS, on the other hand, provides a comprehensive overview of the microbial community by sequencing entire genomes or specific gene regions, such as the 16S rRNA gene for bacteria and ITS regions for fungi. These methods have been instrumental in revealing the diversity and functional potential of rhizosphere microbiomes in various crops, including kiwifruit (Kim et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2020). 5.2 Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics are advanced techniques that provide insights into the genetic and functional profiles of microbial communities. Metagenomics involves the direct extraction and sequencing of DNA from environmental samples, allowing for the identification of microbial taxa and their potential functional capabilities. This approach has been used to study the rhizosphere microbiome of citrus, revealing the presence of beneficial microbes and their roles in plant growth promotion and nutrient acquisition (Xu et al., 2018). Metatranscriptomics, on the other hand, focuses on the RNA transcripts present in a sample, providing
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