Molecular Microbiology Research 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 236-247 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mmr 245 microbial inoculants to enhance stress resistance, their effectiveness under field conditions may vary. For example, the application of PGPR and mycorrhizal fungi has shown promising promise in improving crop productivity in stress settings (Nadeem et al., 2014). However, factors for the success of these microbial inoculants in the field include soil type, environmental conditions, and compatibility of microbial strains with specific rice genotypes. In addition, it is important to develop microbial associations that can provide consistent benefits across different stress conditions and rice varieties. Future research should focus on optimizing the formulation and application methods of microbial inoculants, and conducting large-scale field trials to verify their effectiveness in diverse agricultural environments. 8 Concluding Remarks By analyzing the synergistic role of root and rhizosphere microbes in improving rice stress resistance, we have gained some important insights. Specific microbial communities enhanced the growth of rice under salt stress by promoting denser and more complex root microbial communities. Aluminum-tolerant rice genotypes recruit specific microbial groups that contribute to phosphorus dissolution and plant growth. The use of rhizosphere bacterial complexes and biochemical inducers has shown effectiveness in improving rice cold tolerance and drought resistance. SSTgenes in rice were found to affect rhizosphere bacterial communities and soil metabolites, providing a genetic basis for improving salt stress tolerance. The role of endophytic and rhizosphere microorganisms in alleviating salt stress through antioxidant enzyme activity and root structure regulation has also been demonstrated. This review analyses the potential of using root and rhizosphere microbial interactions to improve rice stress resistance. Understanding specific microbial groups and their functions can lead to the development of targeted microbial inoculants to enhance rice resistance to abiotic stresses. Strategies that harness microbial associations and manipulate key plant genes offer promise for improving rice stress resistance through microbial and genetic approaches. The genotype of aluminum-tolerant rice recruits beneficial microorganisms and regulates root microbial communities through phosphorus input, emphasizing the importance of integrating microbial management with traditional agricultural practices to achieve sustainable rice production under stress conditions. The future of rice root-microbe research lies in the development of innovative solutions to enhance crop stress resistance and productivity. Continuing to explore the complex interactions of rice roots and their associated microbial communities will be critical to identifying key microbial roles and their mechanisms of action in stress resistance. Advances in high-throughput sequencing and metagenomics will enable detailed characterization of microbial communities and their functional potential. Collaboration between microbiologists, plant geneticists, and agronomists will translate these findings into practical applications that benefit rice farmers and contribute to global food security. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the two anonymous peer reviewers for their thorough review and suggestions, which have played a significant role in improving the quality of this manuscript. Funding This work was supported by the grants from the Central Leading Local Science and Technology Development Project (grant no. 202207AA110010) and the Key and Major Science and Technology Projects of Yunnan (grant nos. 202202AE09002102, 202402AE090026-04). Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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