Molecular Microbiology Research 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 218-225 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mmr 223 Figure 2 Pearson correlation network of F.mosseae colonization, plant growth, fruit yield, and microbial taxa (Adopted from Wang et al., 2022) 7 Challenges and Future Prospects 7.1 Environmental and ecological considerations The integration of rhizosphere microbes to enhance tree stress resistance must consider various environmental and ecological factors. The natural plant-microbe interactions that confer stress tolerance are influenced by the specific environmental conditions and the co-evolution of plants and their microbial partners (Doty, 2016). For instance, the effectiveness of microbial inoculants can be significantly affected by soil type, climate, and existing microbial communities. Additionally, the introduction of non-native microbial species could disrupt local ecosystems and biodiversity, potentially leading to unforeseen ecological consequences (Tian et al., 2020). Therefore, understanding the native habitat interactions and the ecological balance is crucial for the successful application of these symbiotic relationships in forestry and agriculture. 7.2 Technical and practical challenges in microbial applications Applying rhizosphere microbes to enhance tree stress resistance faces several technical and practical challenges. One major issue is the competition between introduced microbes and native soil microbial communities, which can limit the colonization and effectiveness of the inoculants. The complexity of plant-microbe interactions, which involves multiple signaling pathways and environmental variables, makes it difficult to predict and control outcomes. The variability in microbial community structure and function across different tree species and environmental conditions further complicates the application process (Lazcano et al., 2021; Yu et al., 2022). Large-scale implementation requires the development of cost-effective and scalable methods for microbial inoculation and monitoring. 7.3 Future research directions and innovation opportunities Future research should focus on unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying plant-microbe interactions to optimize the use of rhizosphere microbes for enhancing tree stress resistance. Advances in omics technologies and high-throughput sequencing can provide deeper insights into the functional roles of specific microbial taxa and their interactions with host plants. Developing synthetic microbial communities that mimic natural ecosystems could offer more stable and effective solutions for stress resistance. Exploring the synergistic effects of combining different beneficial microbes, such as rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi, could lead to more robust and resilient plant-microbe symbioses (Wang et al., 2020; 2021). Collaborative efforts among researchers, industry, and farmers will be essential to translate these scientific advancements into practical applications, ultimately contributing to sustainable forestry and agriculture. Acknowledgments We appreciate the anonymous reviewers and their insightful comments and suggestions. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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