Molecular Microbiology Research 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 162-170 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mmr 165 In rice, extensive research has led to the characterization of resistance (R) genes and their interactions with bacterial blight pathogens, enabling the development of varieties with durable and broad-spectrum resistance (Figure 1) (Jiang et al., 2020). During the infection process of bacterial blight, effector proteins secreted by the pathogen, such as RaxX, bind to the XA21 receptor located on the plasma membrane of rice cells, activating downstream defense responses. This process involves several regulatory proteins, such as OsSERK2, XB24, XB15, and XB21, which play key roles in maintaining XA21 function and regulating its phosphorylation state. This complex protein network effectively enhances rice’s defense against pathogens. Similar approaches can be applied to rye, leveraging genomic tools to identify and introduce resistance genes against bacterial blight and black chaff. The development of resistant varieties not only reduces the reliance on chemical controls but also ensures sustainable crop production. Figure 1 Xa21-mediated immune signaling pathways triggered byXanthomonas oryzae (Adopted from Jiang et al., 2020) 5 Integrated Disease Management Strategies 5.1 Crop rotation and cultural practices Crop rotation and cultural practices are fundamental components of integrated disease management (IDM) strategies. These practices help in breaking the life cycles of pathogens and reducing the inoculum levels in the soil. For instance, cover cropping with species like sunn hemp has been shown to suppress soilborne nematodes and fungal pathogens, such as Meloidogyne incognita, Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, especially when combined with deep tillage practices (Marquez and Hajihassani, 2023). However, the use of winter cereal cover crops, such as rye, can sometimes host pathogens that affect subsequent crops like corn, necessitating careful management to mitigate these risks (Bakker et al., 2016). The adoption of perennial grain crops, while beneficial for sustainable agriculture, introduces new disease management challenges that require innovative solutions (Fulcher et al., 2022). 5.2 Use of resistant varieties and biotechnology The development and use of disease-resistant crop varieties are crucial for managing both fungal and bacterial diseases in rye. Research has identified several winter rye varieties with non-specific resistance to multiple fungal diseases, which can be used in breeding programs to enhance phytoimmunity (Shchekleina and Sheshegova, 2023). For example, varieties like 'Rossiyanka 2' have shown high resistance to septoriose and slow rusting traits, making them valuable for breeding efforts. Furthermore, advances in biotechnology, such as genome modification,
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