Molecular Microbiology Research 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 198-207 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mmr 205 groups and their collective impact on carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycling will also be crucial. Finally, there is a need to explore the potential applications of marine microorganisms in bioremediation and environmental management, leveraging their metabolic capabilities to mitigate the effects of pollution and climate change. The roles of marine microorganisms in biogeochemical cycles have significant implications for climate change and environmental management. Microbial processes such as nitrogen fixation, denitrification, and sulfur oxidation can influence the global carbon cycle and, consequently, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. For example, the expansion of oxygen-deficient zones due to climate change can enhance organic carbon preservation in marine sediments through cryptic sulfur cycling, potentially serving as a feedback mechanism that stabilizes atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Understanding these microbial processes is essential for predicting the responses of marine ecosystems to environmental changes and for developing strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change. Moreover, the metabolic versatility of marine microorganisms can be harnessed for bioremediation efforts, such as reducing sulfide toxicity in coastal regions and enhancing nutrient cycling in degraded ecosystems. Effective environmental management strategies should incorporate microbial ecology insights to maintain the resilience and functionality of marine ecosystems in the face of ongoing global changes. Acknowledgments We thank the anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions that improved the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Dang H., and Chen C.T.A., 2017, Ecological energetic perspectives on responses of nitrogen-transforming chemolithoautotrophic microbiota to changes in the marine environment, Frontiers in Microbiology, 8: 1246. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01246 Gao C., Fernandez VI.., Lee K.S., Fenizia S., Pohnert G., Seymour J.R., Raina J.B., and Stocker R., 2020, Single-cell bacterial transcription measurements reveal the importance of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) hotspots in ocean sulfur cycling, Nature Communications, 11(1): 1942. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15693-z Gregory G., Boas K., and Boyd E., 2020, The organosulfur compound dimethylsulfoniopropionate (dmsp) is utilized as an osmoprotectant by vibrio species, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 87(5): e02235-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02235-20 Grob C., Taubert M., Howat A., Burns O.J., Dixon J.L., Richnow H.H., Jehmlich N., Bergen M., Bergen M., Chen Y., and Murrell J., 2015, Combining metagenomics with metaproteomics and stable isotope probing reveals metabolic pathways used by a naturally occurring marine methylotroph, Environmental Microbiology, 17(10): 4007-4018. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.12935 Haas S., Desai D.K., LaRoche J., Pawlowicz R., and Wallace D.W.R., 2019, Geomicrobiology of the carbon nitrogen and sulfur cycles in powell lake: a permanently stratified water column containing ancient seawater, Environmental Microbiology, 21(10): 3927-3952. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.14743 Harb R., Laçin D., Subaşi I., and Erguder T., 2021, Denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation (DAMO) cultures: Factors affecting their enrichment performance and integration with anammox bacteria, Journal of Environmental Management, 295: 113070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113070 Hu X., Liu J., Liu H., Zhuang G., and Xun L., 2018, Sulfur metabolism by marine heterotrophic bacteria involved in sulfur cycling in the ocean, Science China Earth Sciences, 61: 1369-1378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-017-9234-x Hutchins D., and Fu F., 2017, Microorganisms and ocean global change, Nature Microbiology, 2: 17058. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.58 Jackson R., and Gabric A., 2022, Climate change impacts on the marine cycling of biogenic sulfur: a review, Microorganisms, 10(8): 1581. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081581 Kartal B., Kuypers M., Lavik G., Schalk J., Camp H., Jetten M., and Strous M., 2007, Anammox bacteria disguised as denitrifiers: nitrate reduction to dinitrogen gas via nitrite and ammonium, Environmental Microbiology, 9(3): 635-642. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1462-2920.2006.01183.X
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