Molecular Microbiology Research 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 188-197 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mmr 195 agriculture. Furthermore, the development of biofertilizers based on efficient rhizobial strains and the integration of legume-rhizobium symbiosis into crop rotation and intercropping systems could enhance soil fertility and reduce the reliance on chemical fertilizers. To maximize the benefits of legume-rhizobium symbiosis in agriculture, it is recommended to select and utilize rhizobial strains that are well-adapted to local soil and climatic conditions. This can be achieved through soil testing and the use of inoculants containing effective rhizobial strains. Incorporating legumes into crop rotation and intercropping systems can enhance soil nitrogen levels and improve overall soil health. Additionally, practices that promote the presence of beneficial soil organisms, such as mycorrhizal fungi, should be encouraged, as they can enhance the efficiency of the legume-rhizobium symbiosis. Finally, reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and adopting organic farming practices can create a more favorable environment for the symbiotic relationship, leading to more sustainable and productive agricultural systems. Acknowledgments We are grateful to Dr C. Xuan from our group for her critically reading the manuscript and providing valuable feedback that improved the clarity of the text. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Andrews M., 2016, Specificity in legume-rhizobia symbioses, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(4): 705. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18040705 Basile L., and Lepek V., 2021, Legume–rhizobium dance: an agricultural tool that could be improved, Microbial Biotechnology, 14: 1897-1917. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.13906 Belimov A., Zinovkina N., Safronova V., Litvinsky V., Nosikov V., Zavalin A., and Tikhonovich I., 2019, Rhizobial ACC deaminase contributes to efficient symbiosis with pea., Pisum sativum L.) under single and combined cadmium and water deficit stress, Environmental and Experimental Botany, 167: 103859. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVEXPBOT.2019.103859 Burghardt L., 2019, Evolving together evolving apart: measuring the fitness of rhizobial bacteria in and out of symbiosis with leguminous plants, The New Phytologist, 228(1): 28-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16045 Chakraborty S., and Harris J., 2022, At the crossroads of salinity and rhizobium-legume symbiosis, Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions: MPMI, 35(7): 540-553. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-09-21-0231-FI Chakraborty S., Valdés-López O., Stonoha-Arther C., and Ané J., 2022, Transcription factors controlling the rhizobium-legume symbiosis: integrating infection organogenesis and the abiotic environment, Plant and Cell Physiology, 63(10): 1326-1343. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcac063 Chalk P., Alves B., Boddey R., and Urquiaga S., 2010, Integrated effects of abiotic stresses on inoculant performance legume growth and symbiotic dependence estimated by 15N dilution, Plant and Soil, 328: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-0187-7 Chen W.F., Wang E.T., Ji Z.J., and Zhang J.J., 2020, Recent development and new insight of diversification and symbiosis specificity of legume rhizobia: mechanism and application, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 131(2): 553-563. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.14960 Clúa J., Roda C., Zanetti M., and Blanco F., 2018, Compatibility between legumes and rhizobia for the establishment of a successful nitrogen-fixing symbiosis, Genes, 9(3): 125. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9030125 diCenzo G., Zamani M., Checcucci A., Fondi M., Griffitts J., Finan T., and Mengoni A., 2018, Multidisciplinary approaches for studying rhizobium-legume symbioses, Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 65(1): 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2018-0377. Fang L., Ju W., Yang C., Jin X., Liu D., Li M., Yu J., Zhao W., and Zhang C., 2020, Exogenous application of signaling molecules to enhance the resistance of legume-rhizobium symbiosis in Pb/Cd-contaminated soils, Environmental pollution, 265(Pt A): 114744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114744
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