Molecular Microbiology Research 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 188-197 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mmr 194 Figure 2 Visualization of rhizobia-leguminous symbiosis (Adopted from diCenzo et al., 2018) Image caption: (A) Photograph of Medicago alba (white sweet clover) plants grown in the absence of nitrogen; (B) Sativa nodules, induced by S. meliloti; (C) Active pink nodules of Vigna unguiculata (cowpea) containing actively fixed nitrogen from S. fredii NGR234 cells; (D, E) Confocal micrographs of alfalfa nodules filled withS. meliloti cells (Adopted from diCenzo et al., 2018) Future research should focus on unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying the specificity and efficiency of legume-rhizobium symbiosis. This includes a deeper understanding of the signaling pathways and genetic factors involved in nodule formation and nitrogen fixation. Additionally, exploring the role of other soil organisms, such as nematodes and mycorrhizal fungi, in mediating this symbiosis could provide new insights into enhancing its efficiency. There is also a need to investigate the potential of genetically modified rhizobia and legumes to improve nitrogen fixation and stress tolerance, which could have significant implications for sustainable
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