Molecular Microbiology Research 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 181-187 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mmr 186 spot can be influenced by weather parameters such as temperature and humidity. Therefore, an integrated approach that considers these factors is essential for sustainable disease management. For farmers, it is recommended to adopt resistant cotton hybrids such as Tulasi-144 BG-II and U5-SS-33 BG-II to minimize the impact of Alternaria leaf spot. Additionally, the use of effective fungicides like mancozeb and propiconazole should be considered, especially during periods of high disease pressure. Implementing cultural practices such as crop rotation and proper field sanitation can also help reduce the inoculum load in the field. For researchers, further studies are needed to explore the genetic basis of resistance in cotton cultivars and to develop new resistant varieties. Research should also focus on understanding the environmental factors that influence disease development and the effectiveness of different control measures under varying conditions. Additionally, exploring the potential of botanical treatments and their integration into IDM programs can provide sustainable and eco-friendly solutions for managing Alternaria leaf spot in cotton. Acknowledgments We appreciate Dr. Z.Q. Wu from Institute of Life Sciences, Jiyang College, Zhejiang A&F University for his reading and valuable feedback. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Ahmed M., Saeed S., Hassan A., Ghuffar S., Abdullah A., Iqbal R., Anwaar H., Haque K., Asif M., and Shafique M., 2021, Alternaria alternata causing Alternaria leaf spot of cucumis melo (Muskmelon) in Pakistan, Plant Disease, 105(6): 1853. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-20-0973-PDN Al-lami H., You M.P., Banga S.S., and Barbetti M.J., 2022, Novel resistances provide new avenues to manage Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria brassicae) in canola (Brassica napus)mustard (B. juncea) and other Brassicaceae crops, Plant Disease, 107(2): 372-381. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-22-1153-RE Fan Q.J., Zhou Q.Y., Zhang S., Li Y., Li J., Chen X., and Sun L., 2023, First report of leaf spot disease caused by Alternaria alternata on Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua in Hunan province of China, Plant Disease, 108(2): 530. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-23-1976-PDN Gao F.M., 2024 Sustainable production and application of Bt biopesticides, Bt Research, 15(2): 65-75. https://doi.org/10.5376/bt.2024.15.0007 He J.Y., Shi H., Wei Y., Liang L.Y., Yang J.T., Ma Y.H., and Zou L.J., 2022, First report of leaf spot disease caused by Alternaria brassicae on Camptotheca acuminata in Sichuan China, Plant Disease, 107(4): 1241. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-22-1914-PDN Jindo K., Evenhuis A., Kempenaar C., Sudré C., Zhan X., Teklu M., and Kessel G., 2021, Review: holistic pest management against early blight disease towards sustainable agriculture, Pest Management Science, 77: 3871-3880. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.6320 Kumar A., and Raghavendra D.P., 2023, Molecular identification and genetic diversity of Alternaria isolates causing leaf spot disease in cotton from major cotton growing areas of south zone of India, Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, 58(3): 532-538. https://doi.org/10.18805/ijare.a-6104 Liu W., Zhang W., Zheng N., Zhai W., and Qi F., 2018, Study of cotton leaf senescence induced by Alternaria alternata infection, Methods in Molecular Biology, 1744: 161-171. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7672-0_15 Liu Y., Liu J., Liu W.Z., Xiao L.Y., and Zhang K., 2022, First report of Alternaria alternata causing leaf spot on hibiscus mutabilis in China, Plant Disease, 107(5): 1631. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-22-1249-PDN Mohamed O.E., Beshir M.E., and Ahmed N.M., 2019, Cotton leaf blight disease caused by Alternaria alternata in Sudan, Journal of Plant Protection Research, 59(3). https://doi.org/10.24425/JPPR.2019.129743 Nguyen C.P., and Le D.P., 2023, First report of Stemphylium solani associated with leaf spot of cotton in new south wales Australia, Plant Health Progress, 25(1): 86-89. https://doi.org/10.1094/php-05-23-0043-br
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