Molecular Microbiology Research 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 141-152 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mmr 146 4.3 Comparative Analysis of Various Application Strategies Comparing different application strategies for Aspergillus oryzae in pest control highlights the advantages and challenges of each method. Aerial spraying, soil treatment, and seed treatment are among the most commonly used strategies. Can be selected based on the specific pest and environmental conditions. Aerial spraying is highly effective for large-scale applications, particularly in fields where uniform coverage is essential. This method has been successfully used to control locust populations, with drone-assisted spraying providing an efficient and scalable solution (You et al., 2023). However, this method requires precise calibration and environmental considerations to avoid drift and ensure effective coverage. Soil treatment is advantageous for targeting soil-borne pests directly. Incorporating A. oryzae spores into the soil can significantly reduce pest populations, as demonstrated in greenhouse studies against nematodes (Liu et al., 2019). This method is particularly useful for pests that affect the root systems of plants. Seed treatment is another effective strategy, especially for ensuring early protection against pests. Treating seeds with A. oryzae spores or extracts can enhance seedling resistance to pests and pathogens. This method has the added benefit of promoting early plant vigor and reducing the need for additional pesticide applications (Kalaivani et al., 2020). 5 Synergistic Effects with Other Biological Agents 5.1Combined Use with Other Beneficial Microbes The combined use of Aspergillus oryzae with other beneficial microbes has been explored to enhance the overall efficacy of biological control methods. The synergy between A. oryzae and other microbes can result in improved pest management outcomes due to complementary mechanisms of action. Jambhulkar et al. (2018) evaluated the combined use of Aspergillus oryzae with Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens in their study. The study demonstrated that the co-application of these biocontrol agents provided enhanced protection against rice pathogens such as Magnaporthe oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The combination of T. harzianum and P. fluorescens with A. oryzae resulted in a synergistic effect, reducing disease severity by 69.5% compared to untreated controls. In another study, the combination of A. oryzae with Bacillus licheniformis was shown to be effective against multiple phytopathogens. The bacterial strain B. licheniformis inhibited the growth of A. oryzae and other pathogens through the production of antimicrobial compounds, enhancing the overall biocontrol efficacy (Albarrán-de la Luz et al., 2022). 5.2 Enhanced Pest Control Through Microbial Consortia Microbial consortia involving Aspergillus oryzae can offer enhanced pest control by leveraging the strengths of multiple organisms. These consortia can create a hostile environment for pests and pathogens through various synergistic interactions. A notable example is the use of A. oryzae in combination with beneficial bacteria and fungi to form a microbial consortium that targets specific pests. This approach has been tested in various agricultural systems. For instance, the consortium of A. oryzae with Trichoderma and Bacillus species has shown improved control of soil-borne pathogens and pests, leading to healthier crop growth and higher yields (Jambhulkar et al., 2018). Furthermore, studies have indicated that microbial consortia can also enhance the production of secondary metabolites with pesticidal properties. The synergistic interaction among the microbes can stimulate the production of bioactive compounds that are more effective in pest control than those produced by individual strains alone (García-Conde et al., 2023).
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