Molecular Microbiology Research 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 65-78 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mmr 66 The primary objective of this systematic review is to explore the potential of engineered SynComs for large-scale environmental remediation, moving beyond their traditional applications in agriculture. This review aims to assess the current state of research on the use of SynComs in environmental remediation, highlighting key findings and advancements, identify the challenges and limitations associated with the deployment of SynComs in diverse environmental contexts and propose strategies and future directions for enhancing the efficacy and scalability of SynCom-based remediation technologies. By synthesizing insights from multiple studies, this paper aims to provide a roadmap for future research and development in the field of SynCom-based environmental remediation, ultimately contributing to the sustainable management of polluted environments. 2 Engineered SynComs: An Overview 2.1 Definition and characteristics of engineered SynComs Engineered Synthetic Microbial Communities (SynComs) are meticulously designed consortia of microorganisms that are assembled to perform specific functions within an ecosystem. These communities are constructed using a combination of microbial species selected for their complementary traits and interactions, which can be tailored to achieve desired outcomes in various environmental contexts (Souza et al., 2020; Marín et al., 2021; Martins et al., 2023). SynComs are characterized by their defined composition, stability, and the ability to be manipulated to enhance their functional capabilities (Pradhan et al., 2022; Leeuwen et al., 2023). 2.2 Methods for engineering SynComs The engineering of SynComs involves several advanced methodologies, including synthetic biology and genetic modification. Synthetic biology allows for the design and construction of new biological parts, devices, and systems, or the re-design of existing, natural biological systems for useful purposes (Souza et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2021). Genetic modification techniques are employed to enhance specific traits of microbial strains, such as their ability to degrade pollutants or resist environmental stressors (Sai et al., 2022; Martins et al., 2023). Additionally, computational methods, including machine learning and artificial intelligence, are increasingly used to predict and optimize the interactions within SynComs, ensuring their stability and functionality (Souza et al., 2020; Leeuwen et al., 2023). 2.3 Advantages of using engineered syncoms over traditional remediation methods Engineered SynComs offer several advantages over traditional environmental remediation methods. Firstly, they provide a more sustainable and eco-friendly approach by leveraging natural microbial processes to degrade pollutants and restore ecosystems (Pradhan et al., 2022; Sai et al., 2022). Unlike chemical treatments, SynComs can be designed to target specific contaminants without causing harm to the surrounding environment. Secondly, SynComs can be tailored to function under diverse environmental conditions, making them versatile tools for remediation in various settings (Coker et al., 2022; Martins et al., 2023). Furthermore, the use of SynComs can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of bioremediation efforts by ensuring the presence of microbial species that work synergistically to break down complex pollutants (Marín et al., 2021; Armanhi et al., 2021). Lastly, the ability to engineer and control SynComs allows for the development of reproducible and scalable remediation strategies, which are crucial for large-scale environmental applications (Leeuwen et al., 2023; Arnault et al., 2023). 3 Environmental Remediation: Challenges and Opportunities 3.1 Environmental pollutants and impact Environmental pollution is a pervasive issue affecting various ecosystems globally. The contamination of soil, water, and air with organic pollutants, heavy metals, and other toxic substances poses significant threats to both human health and biodiversity. For instance, the contamination of soil with organic pollutants due to agricultural and industrial activities has accelerated, posing a major threat to global ecosystems and human health (Xiang et al., 2022). Similarly, the increasing contamination of freshwater systems with industrial and natural chemical
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