Molecular Microbiology Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 1-9 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mmr 2 In terms of the diagnosis and treatment of Salmonella infection, there are currently multiple methods and means available. For example, bacterial culture, molecular biology detection, and antibiotic treatment. Among them, bacterial culture is currently the most commonly used method, but it has a higher time and cost, and there is a certain rate of misdiagnosis. Molecular biology detection can rapidly and accurately detect the presence of Salmonella, but it requires more professional experimental conditions and equipment. Antibiotic treatment is one of the conventional methods for Salmonella infection, but due to the abuse and improper use of antibiotics, there have been multiple drug-resistant Salmonella strains, which bring certain challenges and difficulties to treatment. Therefore, in-depth research on the molecular mechanism of Salmonella pathogenesis and the interaction with the host immune system, exploring the pathophysiological process and treatment methods of Salmonella infection, is one of the important directions of medical research today. I believe that with continuous exploration and efforts, there will be more breakthroughs in the future, providing more scientific and effective methods and means for the prevention and treatment of Salmonellainfection. 1 Basic Characteristics of Salmonella 1.1 The traditional liquor brewing process and its characteristics Salmonella is a gram-negative bacterium and a common enteropathogen. Based on the analysis of 16S rRNA sequences, Salmonella can be divided into two subgenera: Salmonella subgenus and Citrobacter subgenus (Denise et al., 2004). Among them, the Salmonella subgenus includes common Salmonella strains, with more than 2 500 different serotypes. They share common pathogenicity and can cause different symptoms ranging from mild diarrhea to severe sepsis. The Citrobacter subgenus includes some enteric bacteria related to Salmonella, such as Paratyphi and Lactobacillus acidophilus (Denise et al., 2004). The morphological structure of Salmonella is similar to that of other gram-negative bacteria, with cells that are short rods with a size of approximately 0.7~1.5 micrometers × 2~5 micrometers. It has various virulence factors such as collagenase and lipopolysaccharide. Salmonella has flagella and a capsule on its surface, and the flagella can help it locate on the intestinal mucosa and invade host cells. The capsule can help Salmonella defend against the attack of the host immune system and enhance its pathogenicity. Salmonella colonies are grayish white or light yellow, with a smooth surface and neat edges, and sometimes secrete mucus (Figure 1). Salmonella is widely distributed in nature, mainly found in the intestines of animals and the environment, such as water, soil, plants, and food (Denise et al., 2004). Salmonella can cause human infections through eating contaminated food or drinking water, or contact with infected animals or their feces. The high-risk population for Salmonella infection includes young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Globally, millions of people are infected with Salmonella each year, and tens of thousands die, seriously affecting human health and life safety. Therefore, preventing and controlling Salmonella infections is of great significance. 1.2 The growth characteristics and metabolic pathways of Salmonella The growth characteristics and metabolic pathways of Salmonella have many similarities with other bacteria. Salmonella is an obligate anaerobe that can grow under low oxygen or anaerobic conditions. It can grow on various culture media, such as ordinary nutrient agar culture media and Escherichia coli selective agar culture media. Under suitable temperature and pH conditions, Salmonella can multiply rapidly and form colonies. Salmonella has a relatively diverse metabolic pathway and can utilize various organic and inorganic substances as carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and energy sources. Salmonella can metabolize various monosaccharides and disaccharides, such as glucose, fructose, lactose, and sucrose. It can also utilize complex organic substances such as fatty acids, amino acids, and peptides for metabolism. Additionally, Salmonella can utilize inorganic substances such as sulfates and nitrites for metabolism. In the metabolic pathway, the oxidative phosphorylation pathway is the main energy source for Salmonella. In this pathway, Salmonella oxidizes substrates to CO2 and H2O, releasing energy through enzymes such as ATP synthase. At the same time, Salmonellacan also perform anaerobic respiration to obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic substances such as sulfates and nitrites (Behnsen et al., 2015).
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzNA==