Molecular Microbiology Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 20-30 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mmr 23 New and Brito (2020) discussed the advantages and limitations of metagenomics, emphasizing its ability to provide higher resolution and functional content among species and strains. However, they noted significant challenges in data analysis, including the need to provide an extensive database of environmental bacteria. Metagenomics technology has significant advantages in studying environmental microbial diversity, but it also has limitations. With the continuous development and optimization of technology, these challenges are expected to be solved, and metagenomics technology will play a greater role in the study of environmental microbial diversity. 2 The Relationship between Environmental Microbial Diversity and Ecosystem Health 2.1 The impact of environmental microbial diversity on ecosystem health Environmental microbial diversity has a profound and complex impact on ecosystem health. It is like an invisible web that maintains the balance and stability of the ecosystem. Microbial diversity contributes to nutrient cycling and energy flow in ecosystems. Microorganisms decompose organic matter and release carbon dioxide, water, inorganic salts, etc., which in turn become important sources of nutrients for plant growth. At the same time, microorganisms also play a key role in the energy transfer process, converting energy in organic matter into a form that can be used by plants and other organisms (Sun et al., 2021). Microbial diversity is critical to the health of soil ecosystems. Research by Delgado‐Baquerizo et al. (2016) showed that soil microbial diversity is positively related to the multifunctionality of terrestrial ecosystems, and any loss of microbial diversity may reduce climate regulation, soil fertility, and food and fiber production. provision of services. Soil is the home of microorganisms, inhabited by a large number of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, etc. These microorganisms have a profound impact on the structure, fertility and productivity of the soil by decomposing organic residues, fixing nitrogen, and promoting plants to absorb water and nutrients. When microbial diversity is rich, the soil ecosystem is better able to cope with environmental stresses such as drought and salinity, thereby maintaining soil health. In addition, microbial diversity can enhance ecosystem resistance and resilience. When the ecosystem faces threats such as alien invasion and environmental pollution, rich microbial diversity means that more species can adapt to environmental changes and inhibit the expansion of harmful species through competition, predation, and other methods. At the same time, microorganisms also play an important role in the degradation of pollutants and the adsorption of heavy metals. They help reduce environmental pollution and promote the self-repair of ecosystems. Environmental microbial diversity has a comprehensive impact on ecosystem health. It is not only related to the balance and stability of the ecosystem, but also affects soil health, nutrient cycling, energy flow and other aspects. Maron et al. (2018) found that the reduction of microbial diversity affected the decomposition of autotrophic and heterotrophic carbon sources, thereby reducing global CO2 emissions. This finding indicates the changes in microbial diversity caused by the soil carbon cycle. More sensitive than previously expected. 2.2 Impact of ecosystem health on environmental microbial diversity The relationship between ecosystem health and environmental microbial diversity is close and complex. A healthy ecosystem has a stable internal environment, abundant resources, and low pollution pressure, providing ideal living conditions for microorganisms (Luo et al., 2018). In such an environment, there are abundant microbial species, which coexist harmoniously and jointly maintain the balance of the ecosystem. A healthy ecosystem means adequate nutritional resources and low environmental stress, which provides a good environment for microorganisms to grow and reproduce. Microorganisms can better perform their ecological functions under such conditions, such as decomposing organic matter and promoting nutrient recycling, thereby supporting the normal operation of the ecosystem. However, when ecosystems are disrupted or face environmental stress, microbial diversity is often severely affected. Excessive agricultural activities, industrial pollution, etc. can lead to soil and water pollution and cause
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