Molecular Microbiology Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 10-19 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mmr 17 and type 2 diabetes. Here, Kirstine et al. (2022) discussed whether metabolism-based dietary supplements affect T1D patients. Kirstine et al. (2022) conducted a feasibility trial using acetylated and butyrated high-amylose maize starch (HAMSAB) to assess safety while monitoring changes in gut microbiota to adjust the immune system status. Figure 4 Using microbial diversity sequencing to investigate the immune response of mouse intestinal microbiota (Liang et al., 2021) Results showed that adults with long-term T1D who took HAMSAB supplements for 6 weeks followed by a 12-week follow-up had increased concentrations of SCFA acetate, propionate, and butyrate in feces and plasma consistent with changes in gut microbiota composition and function. Although there were no changes in blood sugar control and insulin requirements, the individuals with the highest SCFA concentrations had the best blood sugar control. Increased production of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and vitamin B7 was associated with lower HbA1c and baseline insulin requirements. After intervention, circulating B cells and T cells formed a more regulatory phenotype. Changes in gut microbiota composition, function, and immune status after supplementing with HAMSAB were associated with increased SCFAs in feces and plasma. The persistence of these effects suggests that targeting dietary SCFAs may be a mechanism for altering immune characteristics, promoting immune tolerance, and improving blood sugar control in T1D treatment (Kirstine et al., 2022). 4 Summary and Outlook With the deepening of scientific research, the correlation between the microbiome and chronic diseases has gradually drawn attention. The microbiome, especially the gut microbiome, as the largest ecosystem within the human body, exhibits complex and subtle interactions with the host. These interactions not only influence the physiological and metabolic processes of the human body but are also closely related to the occurrence and development of numerous chronic diseases. Various chronic diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, have been found to be associated with dysbiosis of the microbiome or overgrowth of specific microbes (Liang et al., 2021). The onset of these diseases often coincides with changes in the composition and function of the microbiome. For instance, in diabetic patients, the decrease in beneficial bacteria and increase in harmful bacteria in the gut are closely related to changes in blood glucose levels and inflammatory status. This correlation suggests that the microbiome plays an important role in the occurrence and development of chronic diseases. As research progresses, more evidence indicates a causal relationship between the microbiome and chronic diseases. The microbiome affects host health through the production of metabolites, regulation of immune responses, and other means. Meanwhile, the status of chronic diseases also influences the composition and function of the microbiome, forming a vicious cycle. This causal relationship provides new insights for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Based on the association between the microbiome and chronic
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