Molecular Microbiology Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 10-19 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mmr 12 Figure 1 Dysbiotic flora and its impact on human health (Ogunrinola et al., 2020) Note: Carcinogenic metabolic toxins produced from dysbiotic flora may trigger the progression of cancer and immune reaction in the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, hepatic oxidation of trimethylamine to trimethylamine N-oxide contributes to cardiovascular and emerging diseases The metabolic products of the microbiome, such as short-chain fatty acids and secondary metabolites, have a direct impact on host health. Some studies suggest that these metabolic products may be involved in the onset and development of chronic diseases by regulating gene expression and affecting signaling pathways. 1.3 Differences in the microbiome across different populations and their impact on chronic diseases The variations in the microbiome across different populations not only affect an individual's susceptibility to diseases but may also influence the treatment outcomes and prognosis of diseases. Age is a significant influencing factor; the microbiome of newborns is relatively simple, and as they age, microbial diversity increases, closely associated with the development and maturation of the immune system. In old age, the microbiome may undergo further changes, increasing the risk of age-related chronic diseases (Vatanen et al., 2018). Gender is also a notable factor. Studies indicate differences in the microbiomes of males and females, particularly in the reproductive system and the gut. These differences may explain why certain chronic diseases exhibit variations in incidence and progression between genders. The impact of geographical distribution on the microbiome reflects the diversity of environment and lifestyle. Populations in different regions, due to factors such as diet, climate, and lifestyle habits, may exhibit significant differences in the composition and functionality of their microbiomes. These differences may result in varying susceptibilities to chronic diseases among different geographical populations (Vijay and Valdes, 2022). 2 Discussion on the Causal Relationship between Microbiota and Chronic Diseases 2.1 Potential mechanisms of microbiota impact on the occurrence and development of chronic diseases The potential mechanisms of microbiota impact on the occurrence and development of chronic diseases constitute a complex system with multiple layers and pathways. It involves intricate interactions between microbiota and the host, including direct microbial infection, generation and absorption of metabolic products, immune regulation, and more. Zheng et al. (2020) found that certain bacteria or fungi in the microbiota may directly promote the occurrence of chronic diseases by releasing toxins or triggering inflammation. For instance, some intestinal bacteria can produce harmful substances, disrupt the intestinal barrier, induce chronic inflammation, and consequently increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases or diabetes.
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