Molecular Microbiology Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 10-19 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/mmr 10 Review and Progress Open Access Microbiome and Chronic Diseases: Association, Causal Relationship, and Therapeutic Potential Jiayao Zhou Institute of Life Science, Jiyang College of Zhejiang A&F University, Zhuji, 311800, Zhejiang, China Corresponding email: 2013478397@qq.com Molecular Microbiology Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.1 doi: 10.5376/mmr.2024.14.0002 Received: 22 Nov., 2023 Accepted: 03 Jan., 2024 Published: 18 Jan., 2024 Copyright © 2024 Zhou, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Zhou J.Y., 2024, Microbiome and chronic diseases: association, causal relationship, and therapeutic potential, Molecular Microbiology Research, 14(1): 10-19 (doi: 10.5376/mmr.2024.14.0002) Abstract The research on the microbiome and chronic diseases is of great significance in understanding the pathogenesis and progression of chronic diseases, developing novel treatment methods, and realizing personalized healthcare. This review introduces the basic concepts and importance of the microbiome, as well as the definition, classification, and global impact of chronic diseases. It delves into the association between the microbiome and various chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, and autoimmune diseases. The review also analyzes the relationship between the composition, function, and metabolites of the microbiome and the development of chronic diseases. It explores the impact of microbiome differences among different populations on chronic diseases, the potential mechanisms by which the microbiome affects the development of chronic diseases, and the interactions between the microbiome and various host systems. It summarizes the applications and potential of the microbiome in the treatment of chronic diseases and provides insights into future research directions and potential breakthroughs. This review aims to reveal the deep connection between the microbiome and chronic diseases, provide new ideas and methods for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases, and promote the development of personalized healthcare. Keywords Microbiome; Chronic diseases; Association; Causality; Treatment potential In the diverse realm of human health, the study of the microbiome is gradually revealing its immense potential and value. The microbiome, encompassing all microorganisms both inside and outside the human body, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, collectively forms a complex and delicate ecosystem alongside human cells. Chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, autoimmune diseases, etc., have become significant global health issues (Ogunrinola et al., 2020). In recent years, with the rapid development of bioinformatics, molecular biology, and other technologies, scientists have begun to explore the pathogenesis of chronic diseases from the perspective of the microbiome, aiming to find new preventive and therapeutic strategies. The association between the microbiome and chronic diseases is not only a hotspot in modern scientific research but also a profound transformation in the field of medicine. Increasing evidence suggests that the microbiome plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases. For instance, the dysbiosis of the gut microbiome is closely related to inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, and other diseases; changes in the oral microbiome are tightly linked to periodontal disease, cardiovascular diseases, etc. These findings not only deepen our understanding of chronic diseases but also provide new insights for disease prevention and treatment (Pascal et al., 2018). Studying the relationship between the microbiome and chronic diseases not only helps understand the mechanisms of disease occurrence and development but also provides important evidence for developing new therapeutic methods and achieving personalized medicine. By modulating the composition and function of the microbiome, targeted interventions can be made to improve treatment outcomes and even prevent disease occurrence (Kho and Lal, 2018). This study aims to thoroughly explore the association and causality between the microbiome and chronic diseases, as well as to uncover the potential of the microbiome in the treatment of chronic diseases. It is hoped that through a systematic review of existing research results and the integration of multidisciplinary
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