Bt Research 2025, Vol.16, No.6, 234-241 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/bt 238 Plant proteins like Lectin are considered to have the potential to be involved in pest management. Although current research on them is not as mature as that on Bt, some experiments have shown that if these proteins are used in combination with Bt toxins, they can complement each other and even slow down the rate at which pests develop resistance (Jurat-Fuentes et al., 2021). Given the continuous changes in pest resistance, relying on a single Bt strategy is clearly insufficient. Introducing these "non-BT players" into transgenic systems or biological agents may open up more options for pest management. Figure 2 Model representing Vip3A proteins-insecticidal mechanism through pore formation and apoptosis (Adopted from Gupta et al., 2021) 6 Case Studies: Successes and Failures in Resistance Management Strategies 6.1 Evolution of resistance in Helicoverpa armigera to Bt cotton in the U.S. and crop rotation strategies At the beginning, Bt cotton did perform very well in the United States. The occurrence of cotton bollworms has significantly decreased, and a lot of pesticides have been saved. People have high expectations for this genetically modified technology. But the good times didn't last long. A few years later, more and more "untouchable" insects began to appear in the fields. It's not that Bt technology has failed, but that the cotton bollworms are constantly adapting. Where is the problem? In fact, the technology itself is not wrong; the key lies in over-reliance. No matter how good the effect is, if one toxin is used to the end, it won't last long. If the IPM measures are not implemented thoroughly, it is almost only a matter of time before resistance emerges. Crop rotation has also been attempted in the United States - alternating Bt cotton with conventional non-GMO crops. Theoretically, this can disrupt the reproduction rhythm of pests and slow down their resistance rate. However, whether the effect of this approach
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