Bt Research 2025, Vol.16, No.6, 242-250 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/bt 242 Feature Review Open Access Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS in Monitoring the Use of Bt Bioinsecticides Lin Liu 1, Dandan Huang 2 1 Tropical Microbial Resources Research Center, Hainan Institute of Tropical Agricultural Resources, Sanya, 572025, Hainan, China 2 Hainan Institute of Biotechnology, Haikou, 570206, Hainan, China Corresponding email: dandan.huang@hibio.org Bt Research, 2025, Vol.16, No.6 doi: 10.5376/bt.2025.16.0027 Received: 08 Sep., 2025 Accepted: 15 Oct., 2025 Published: 21 Nov., 2025 Copyright © 2025 Liu and Huang, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Liu L., and Huang D.D., 2025, Applications of remote sensing and GIS in monitoring the use of Bt bioinsecticides, Bt Research, 16(6): 242-250 (doi: 10.5376/bt.2025.16.0027) Abstract The wide application of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) biopesticide in modern agriculture has significantly improved the efficiency of pest control and reduced the reliance on chemical pesticides. However, the spatio-temporal dynamic monitoring of Bt application still faces many challenges, which limit its sustainable development in precise pesticide application and environmentally friendly agriculture. This study systematically explores the integrated application of remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) in the monitoring of Bt biopesticide use, proposes a technical path based on high spatial accuracy and data fusion, introduces the mechanism of action of Bt toxins and their common application methods, and then analyzes the remote sensing platform and GIS technology suitable for agricultural monitoring. The health status of crops and the occurrence of pests can be monitored through vegetation indices such as NDVI and EVI. Represented by India, China and the Midwestern United States, this study selected typical regional cases to demonstrate the practical application effects of this technical system in the deployment of Bt crops and ecological response monitoring. The research results show that the integration of remote sensing and GIS has significant advantages in the supervision of Bt biopesticide use. It not only improves the accuracy of pesticide application but also provides decision support for the green control of pests in intelligent agriculture. This study aims to promote the development of eco-friendly agriculture, reduce the abuse of pesticides, and provide a scientific basis for data-driven pest management in the context of precision agriculture. Keywords Bt Biological pesticide; Remote sensing technology; Geographic information system; Precision agriculture; Pest monitoring 1 Introduction The fact that Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can kill insects has actually been exploited for a long time, relying on a type of protein called Cry toxin produced in its body. Once these toxins are ingested by the insects, they will cause trouble in the intestines, damage the cell structure and eventually lead to the death of the pests. Common agricultural pests such as caterpillars, beetles and mosquitoes are all sensitive to it. The key point is that it has little effect on non-target organisms, which is very popular (El-Ghany et al., 2020; Weiss et al., 2020). Therefore, Bt preparations are widely spread in the fields to control pests, reduce yield losses, and also save a considerable amount of chemical pesticides. But problems do exist. For instance, after Bt is applied, how effective it is, whether the environment is affected, and whether pests will develop drug resistance - all these need to be closely monitored by someone. Traditionally, it relied on manual sampling and record-keeping in the fields. Not only was it quite tiring, but the coverage was also limited. The result is that data often comes slowly and the information is incomplete (Zhou and Li, 2021). This reveals a reality: to accurately know the effect of Bt application on a large scale, a more efficient monitoring method needs to be adopted. Remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) technologies have shown great potential in this regard. These two tools, one can "look up at the sky" and the other can "manage the map", together can do quite a few things. From the growth of crops, the spread of pests to the spatial distribution of Bt application, they can all grasp key clues. These technologies can also stitch information across regions and time periods, incorporating areas that traditional monitoring cannot cover into the analysis scope.
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