Bt Research 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 214-223 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/bt 222 crops and Bt toxins on non-target organisms is very limited. In the soil ecosystem, the concentration of Bt toxin is extremely low and degraded rapidly, which has no adverse effects on the beneficial nematodes, earthworms, fungi, etc. in the soil. There were long-term experiments to compare the soil biome structure and function of Bt corn fields and conventional fields, and there were no significant differences in most indicators. For aquatic ecosystems, the same conclusion is that non-target aquatic insects, zooplankton, fish, etc. are not affected by Bt toxins. 8.3 Future research direction and enlightenment of sustainable development of green agriculture Although existing studies have fully demonstrated that the degradation of Bt toxins in the environment is rapid and harmless, in order to further improve risk assessment and promote the development of green agriculture, there are still several aspects that deserve in-depth research and improvement. In scientific research, longer-term and large-scale Bt toxin environmental behavior monitoring can be carried out in the future for different regions, different soil types and climate zones. This will help assess whether there are new trends in degradation of Bt toxins in the context of climate change (such as frequent extreme weather) and verify the applicability of current conclusions under a wider range of conditions. In technology development and agricultural practice, the collaborative application of Bt technology and other biological control technologies can be explored. For example, recent research attempts to combine Bt toxin genes with pest RNA interference technology to build a dual insect-resistant crop. In terms of policy supervision and evaluation systems, environmental safety evaluation guidelines for genetically modified crops should be continuously improved. From the perspective of sustainable development of green agriculture, the successful application of Bt crops provides us with useful inspiration. Reducing chemical pesticide dependence through biotechnology can significantly reduce the load on agriculture on the environment and achieve a win-win situation for both economic and ecological benefits. Acknowledgments Thank you to Dr. Zhang for his technical support in data analysis and visualization, and also thank the members of the research team for their discussions and suggestions during the paper writing. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Bangaru N., 2025, Bacillus thuringiensis cry and cyt toxins: mechanisms of action resistance management and impact on host immune responses, Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment, 29: 101-110. https://doi.org/10.25303/294rjce1010110 Deng J., Wang Y., Yang F., Liu Y., and Liu B., 2019, Persistence of insecticidal Cry toxins in Bt rice residues under field conditions estimated by biological and immunological assays, The Science of the Total Environment, 679: 45-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.026 Feng M., Lujie X., Xiaoyan S., Ding G., and Wude Y., 2017, Persistence of Cry1Ac protein from transgenic Bt cotton cultivation and residue returning in fields and its effect on functional diversity of soil microbial communities, Pedosphere, 29(1): 114-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(17)60475-2 Ge L., Song L., Wang L., Li Y., Sun Y., Wang C., Chen J., Wu G., Pan A., Wu Y., Quan Z., and Li P., 2023, Evaluating response mechanisms of soil microbiomes and metabolomes to Bt toxin additions, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 448: 130904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130904 Gruber H., Paul V., Meyer H., and Müller M., 2011, Determination of insecticidal Cry1Ab protein in soil collected in the final growing seasons of a nine-year field trial of Bt-maize MON810, Transgenic Research, 21: 77-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11248-011-9509-7 Helassa N., M'charek A., Quiquampoix H., Noinville S., Déjardin P., Frutos R., and Staunton S., 2011, Effects of physicochemical interactions and microbial activity on the persistence of Cry1Aa Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) toxin in soil, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43: 1089-1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOILBIO.2011.01.030 Li Y., Wu K., Zhang Y., and Yuan G., 2007, Degradation of Cry1Ac protein within transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis rice tissues under field and laboratory conditions, Environmental Entomology, 36(5): 1275-1282. https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X(2007)36[1275:DOCPWT]2.0.CO;2
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