Bt Research 2025, Vol.16, No.4, 168-181 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/bt 179 organisms, forming a current global imbalance in the application of genetically modified crops. Major producers such as the United States, Canada, Brazil, and Argentina have adopted a loose and scientific regulatory framework. As long as genetically modified products pass strict safety assessment, they can be approved for commercial cultivation and marketing. The experience of these countries shows that a complete regulatory system and efficient review mechanism are conducive to the transformation of biotechnology innovation results into productivity as soon as possible. This has also triggered a certain degree of trade friction. To resolve this inconsistency, some coordination mechanisms have been established internationally, such as the WTO framework requiring trade measures to be based on scientific evidence and should not constitute disguised barriers, and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety regulates the notification and licensing procedures for cross-border movement of GMOs. Some food importers have adopted mirror approval to alleviate trade pressure, but the EU and others still insist on independent assessment, with a long cycle and a significant impact on the conclusions. In terms of the direction of regulatory policies, some positive changes have occurred in recent years. With the development of new technologies such as gene editing, some countries are discussing regulatory models that distinguish new plant breeding technologies from traditional genetically modified ones to avoid excessively strict regulations stifle innovation. This may affect the iterative application of Bt technology in the future. Acknowledgements During the research and writing of this thesis, we have received invaluable guidance and advice from my supervisor. We also grateful to my colleagues and friends for their support and assistance. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors confirm that the study was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships and could be interpreted as a potential conflict of interest. References Ahmad S.J.N., Majeed D., Ali A., Sufian M., Aslam Z., Manzoor M., and Ahmad J., 2020, Effect of natural high temperature and flooding conditions on cry1ac gene expression in different transgenic Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) cultivars, Pakistan Journal of Botany, 53(1): 127-134. https://doi.org/10.30848/PJB2021-1(38) Burtet L., Bernardi O., Melo A., Pes M., Strahl T., and Guedes J., 2017, Managing fall armywormSpodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with Bt maize and insecticides in southern Brazil, Pest Management Science, 73(12): 2569-2577. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4660 Gassmann A., Brenizer B., Kropf A., McCulloch J., Radosevich D., Shrestha R., Smith E., and St Clair C., 2025, Sequential evolution of resistance by western corn rootworm to multiple Bacillus thuringiensis traits in transgenic maize, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 122(11): e2422337122. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2422337122 Gassmann A.J., Shrestha R.B., Kropf A.L., St Clair C.R., and Brenizer B.D., 2019, Field-evolved resistance by western corn rootworm to Cry34/35Ab1 and other Bacillus thuringiensis traits in transgenic maize, Pest Management Science, 76(1): 268-276. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.5510 Huang F., 2020, Resistance of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda to transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1F corn in the Americas: lessons and implications for Bt corn IRM in China, Insect Science, 28(3): 574-589. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7917.12826 Infante O., Gómez I., Peláez-Aguilar Á., Verduzco-Rosas L.A., García-Suárez R., Garcia-Gómez B., Wang Z., Zhang J., Guerrero A., Bravo A., and Soberón M., 2024, Insights into the structural changes that trigger receptor binding upon proteolytic activation of Bacillus thuringiensis Vip3Aa insecticidal protein, PLOS Pathogens, 20(12): e1012765. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1012765 Jiang K., Zhang Y., Chen Z., Wu D., Cai J., and Gao X., 2020, Structural and functional insights into the c-terminal fragment of insecticidal Vip3A toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis, Toxins, 12(7): 438. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12070438 Jin D., Liu Y., Liu Z., Dai Y., Du J., He R., Wu T., Chen Y., Chen D., and Zhang X., 2023, Mepiquat chloride increases Cry1Ac protein content by regulating the carbon and amino acid metabolism of Bt cotton under high temperature and drought stress, Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 23(12): 4032-4045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jia.2023.11.013 Latif A., Rao A.Q., Khan M.A.U., Shahid N., Bajwa K.S., Ashraf M.A., Abbas M., Azam M., Shahid A., Nasir I., and Husnain T., 2015, Herbicide-resistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) plants: an alternative way of manual weed removal, BMC Research Notes, 8(1): 453. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1397-0
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