Bt Research 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 86-94 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/bt 91 temperatures and drought may cause a decrease in the Bt protein content within crops, thereby reducing their lethality to pests. Climate change will also accelerate the evolution of pests' resistance to Bt toxins. In some areas, it has been found that pests such as corn borer have developed practical resistance to Bt corn, resulting in weakened control effects (Giron-Calva et al., 2020). In addition, climate change may also indirectly reduce the control ability of Bt crops by affecting the physiology and behavior of pests (Guis et al., 2011). 7.4 Adaptation strategies implemented To address climate change and pest resistance, Europe has adopted a variety of measures. For instance, promoting multi-toxin (multi-gene) Bt crops, increasing the sheltered area of non-BT crops to delay the development of resistance, strengthening resistance monitoring and management, and optimizing field management methods (such as crop rotation and diversified planting), etc. In addition, researchers are also attempting to enhance the stability and utilization rate of Bt protein by using nanotechnology and additives to adapt to more complex climates in the future (Matzrafi, 2018). 7.5 Outcomes and lessons learned These measures have to some extent slowed down the spread of resistance and also enhanced the sustained effectiveness of Bt crops in the context of climate change. However, studies have found that under extreme climatic conditions, the performance of Bt crops remains highly uncertain, and the current data are not sufficient to accurately predict the effects under such circumstances. Therefore, continuous resistance monitoring, conducting multi-dimensional research on climate, crops and pests, and maintaining flexible management strategies are important experiences for ensuring the sustainable utilization of Bt crops. 8 Research Gaps and Future Directions 8.1 Data deficiencies At present, there is still a significant lack of data in studying the effect and distribution of Bt under the background of climate change. First of all, data collection in many regions and for many species is unbalanced. There are few relevant studies in some biogeographic regions, such as islands, coastal areas and reptile groups, which leaves us with very limited understanding of the adaptability and ecological impact of Bt in these areas (Sarkar et al., 2024). Secondly, approximately 60% of the species distribution model studies did not adequately explain or quantify the data gap, nor did they analyze the uncertainty of the model parameters in detail. This would affect the reproducibility of the research results and the policy reference value. In addition, the underrepresentation of research in the Global South and developing countries also limits our comprehensive assessment of the application prospects of Bt in different climate zones (Zhou et al., 2023). 8.2 Technological innovations Technological progress is of great significance in making up for the insufficiency of data and enhancing the adaptability of Bt applications. Nowadays, the methods of climate change adaptation assessment are constantly improving, but there are still many challenges in the formulation of adaptation indicators, the acquisition of fine-scale data, and the collaborative assessment of adaptation measures and mitigation measures. In the future, the standardization of species distribution Modeling (SDM) methods should be strengthened, and uncertainty analysis should be given due attention. Meanwhile, it is necessary to promote the application of new technologies such as remote sensing, big data and artificial intelligence in Bt distribution prediction and efficacy evaluation (Singh et al., 2020; Sarkar et al., 2024). Furthermore, interdisciplinary and cross-border cooperation also contributes to enhancing the efficiency of data sharing and technology transformation. 8.3 Policy and extension needs Improving the policy and promotion system is the key to making Bt work in tandem with climate change management. At present, cross-regional and cross-institutional cooperation is insufficient, and the participation of developing countries in research and policy-making is also relatively low (Zhou et al., 2023). In the future, the assessment of climate change adaptation measures should be strengthened at the policy level, evidence-based decision-making should be promoted, and resource input to vulnerable and vulnerable regions should be increased. Meanwhile, emphasis should also be placed on promotion and popular science to enhance farmers' and relevant
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