Bt Research 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 86-94 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/bt 90 States and other places, the effectiveness of resistance management is closely related to the implementation by farmers, policy support and technology promotion (Van Den Berg et al., 2022). In addition, climate change may accelerate the spread of resistance genes by altering the generations and distribution of pests. Therefore, resistance management strategies also need to be adjusted at any time. Figure 2 The PRISMA diagram depicts the search, screening for inclusion, exclusion, and accepted studies for the IPM review (Adopted from Angon et al., 2023) 6.3 Modeling future deployment Facing the uncertainties of climate change, modeling tools are becoming increasingly important in predicting pest dynamics, evaluating the effects of IPM and guiding the deployment of Bt crops. These models can combine various data such as climate, crops, pests and natural enemies to predict the distribution of pests, the development trend of resistance, and the long-term effect of IPM measures. For instance, by using GIS and the coupled model of climate - pests - crops, targeted Bt deployment and IPM strategies can be formulated for different regions (Ziska et al., 2018). Furthermore, real-time monitoring and big data analysis, such as citizen science and mobile data collection, also provide new tools for the dynamic optimization of IPM (Ziska et al., 2018; Skend and ICet al., 2021). 7 Case Study: Take European Corn as an Example 7.1 Background Europe is one of the important application regions of Bt crops. Bt corn can produce Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin, which effectively controls major pests such as the corn borer. This not only reduces the use of chemical pesticides but also increases the output. However, environmental changes and the development of pest resistance pose challenges to the long-term sustainability of Bt crops (Giron-Calva et al., 2020). 7.2 Observed climate change trends Over the past few decades, temperatures in Europe have risen significantly and precipitation patterns have also changed, especially in Western and Southern Europe. The increase of high temperature and extreme weather has prolonged the activity period of pests, expanded their distribution range northward, and also changed the relationship between pests and crops. 7.3 Impacts on Bt efficacy Climate change will affect the performance of Bt crops in multiple ways. Environmental stress such as high
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