Bt Research 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 86-94 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/bt 87 2 Bt Technology: Mechanisms and Current Applications 2.1 Mode of action In the current literature, no direct data specifically studying the mechanism of action of Bt insecticidal protein has been found. Generally speaking, Bt technology enables crops to produce specific insecticidal proteins, such as Cry protein. After pests consume these proteins, the proteins will be activated in their intestines, destroying the intestinal epithelial cells and eventually leading to their death. Most of the data available now is about another field abbreviated as "BT", such as Blockchain Technology (BT), rather than the detailed molecular mechanism of Bt insecticidal proteins. 2.2 Current adoption patterns Regarding the adoption model of Bt technology in global agriculture, there is no direct data available in the current search results. It is generally believed that Bt cotton and Bt corn are widely cultivated in the Americas, Asia and other places. Their adoption rate will be influenced by a variety of factors such as policies, markets and farmers' perception. However, many existing literatures focus on the application and adoption models of blockchain technology in supply chains and agricultural informatization. For instance, blockchain is regarded in the agricultural supply chain as capable of enhancing traceability, increasing transparency and efficiency, and promoting sustainable development (Liu et al., 2021; Zkik et al., 2022). 2.3 Performance under conventional climate conditions At present, no literature has been found directly studying the field performance of Bt crops or Bt preparations under conventional climatic conditions. The general view is that Bt crops can effectively control target pests, reduce the use of chemical pesticides, increase yields and be more environmentally friendly in normal climates. Many existing studies discuss the performance of blockchain technology in agricultural supply chain management, such as improving data transparency, reducing transaction costs, and enhancing traceability, etc. (Kamble et al., 2020; Taş and Aylak, 2022). 3 Climate Change Effects on Pest Dynamics 3.1 Shifts in pest ranges Climate change will affect the distribution of pests, especially global warming and precipitation changes. Many agricultural and forest pests are spreading to higher latitudes and altitudes. The increase in temperature raises the survival rate of pests over the winter and also increases their reproduction frequency. In this way, they can establish populations in places that were originally unsuitable. For instance, in the case of climate warming, the European corn borer may move several hundred kilometers northward and add additional breeding generations in new areas, and the risk of crop damage will also increase (Pureswaran et al., 2018; Malhi et al., 2021; Skend and ICet al., 2021). Climate change will also reduce the barriers to the invasion and spread of alien pests, accelerate the invasion rate, and allow local pests to spread even faster (Schneider et al., 2022). However, some heat-sensitive pests may have a reduced distribution in the south or low-altitude areas due to high temperatures and drought (Netherer and Schopf, 2010). 3.2 Altered pest phenology Climate change will significantly alter the life cycle rhythm of pests, such as earlier emergence, faster development and more reproduction. An increase in temperature will lead to an increase in the number of generations of pests, a longer development period, and a change in the time matching with host plants, which may make crops more vulnerable to damage (Karuppaiah and Sujayanad, 2012; Malhi et al., 2021; Nitta et al., 2024). Phenological changes may also staggerize the timing of pests with their natural enemies or host plants, thereby affecting the effectiveness of biological control (Thomson et al., 2010; Jactel et al., 2019). The responses of different pests and regions vary. Some pests may grow more slowly or even have fewer generations due to high temperature and pressure. 3.3 Emergence of secondary pests Climate change not only affects major pests but may also turn pests that were originally less harmful into major
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