Bt Research 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 118-124 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/bt 123 mechanisms. In terms of application, how to achieve precise delivery of epigenetic drugs, develop combination treatment plans and multi-target new drugs will be important directions. In addition, the application of epigenetic regulation in crop improvement and environmental adaptability will also provide new impetus for sustainable agricultural development (Gu et al., 2024). 7 Concluding Remarks Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding RNA regulation, play significant roles in gene expression, genomic stability and cell fate. They determine whether genes are activated or silenced by altering the chromatin structure. If these modifications are abnormal, they will be associated with many diseases, especially tumors. For instance, tumor suppressor genes may be turned off, while oncogenes may be turned on, thereby promoting the occurrence and development of tumors. In addition, epigenetic modifications are reversible, which also makes them a new target for disease diagnosis and treatment. Epigenetic modifications are not only a way to regulate gene expression, but also an important foundation for studying disease mechanisms and developing precision medicine. Because of its reversible and dynamic characteristics, it is very suitable for drug development and can also play a role in molecular breeding. As long as we can have a deeper understanding of these regulatory mechanisms, we will have the opportunity to develop better diagnostic methods and treatment approaches, thereby more effectively preventing and controlling major diseases such as tumors. In agriculture, epigenetic regulation can also provide new ideas for crop improvement and stress resistance enhancement. Overall, epigenetic modifications, as the core mechanism of gene regulation, have become a hot topic in medical and agricultural research. In the future, with the development of high-throughput omics and multi-omics integration technologies, our understanding of them will become increasingly profound. This will bring new opportunities for disease treatment and crop improvement. Continuing to study the basic mechanisms of epigenetic modifications and promoting their application and transformation will contribute to human health and the sustainable development of agriculture. Acknowledgments Thank you for Kris Jin’s valuable comments and suggestions. Her rigorous attitude and professional guidance have significantly improved the quality of this paper. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Abdul Q., Yu B., Chung H., Jung H., and Choi J., 2017, Epigenetic modifications of gene expression by lifestyle and environment, Archives of Pharmacal Research, 40: 1219-1237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-017-0973-3 Bure I.V., Nemtsova M.V., and Kuznetsova E.B., 2022, Histone modifications and non-coding RNAs: mutual epigenetic regulation and role in pathogenesis, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(10): 5801. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105801 Chen X., Xu H., Shu X., and Song C., 2023, Mapping epigenetic modifications by sequencing technologies, Cell Death and Differentiation, 32: 56-65. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-023-01213-1 Deng C., Peng Q., Song F., and Lereclus D., 2014, Regulation of cry gene expression in Bacillus thuringiensis, Toxins, 6: 2194-2209. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins6072194 Gao J., Shi W., Wang J., Guan C., Dong Q., Sheng J., Zou X., Xu Z., Ge Y., Yang C., Li J., Bao H., Zhong X., and Cui Y., 2024, Research progress and applications of epigenetic biomarkers in cancer, Frontiers in Pharmacology, 15: 1308309. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1308309 Gao Q., Lu S., Wang Y., He L., Wang M., Jia R., Chen S., Zhu D., Liu M., Zhao X., Yang Q., Wu Y., Zhang S., Huang J., Mao S., Ou X., Sun D., Tian B., and Cheng A., 2023, Bacterial DNA methyltransferase: a key to the epigenetic world with lessons learned from proteobacteria, Frontiers in Microbiology, 14: 1129437. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1129437
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