Bt Research 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 103-109 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/bt 108 In the future, Bt bioengineering may be combined with new technologies such as protein engineering, synthetic biology, and smart materials to promote the development of the next generation of Bt preparations. This type of preparation is expected to be more adaptable to the environment, last longer in the field, and carry lower risks at the same time. They will provide support for sustainable agriculture and green plant protection. Continuously improving the balance between the stability and safety of Bt will be the key direction for its wide application and promoting the development of eco-friendly agriculture. Acknowledgments The authors extend sincere thanks to two anonymous peer reviewers for their feedback on the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Apirajkamol N., James B., Hogarty T.M., Mainali B., Taylor P.W., Roberts J., Rane R., Tay W.T., and Walsh T., 2025, Mining novel Bacillus thuringiensis toxins and secondary metabolites for invasive fall armywormSpodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) control, Austral Entomology, 64(1): e70000. https://doi.org/10.1111/aen.70000 Aswathi N., Balakrishnan N., Srinivasan T., Kokiladevi E., and Raghu R., 2024, Diversity of Bt toxins and their utility in pest management, Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 34(1): 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-024-00803-6 Azizoglu U., Jouzani G., Sansinenea E., and Sanchis-Borja V., 2023, Biotechnological advances in Bacillus thuringiensis and its toxins: recent updates, Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 22: 319-348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-023-09652-5 Badran A., Guzov V., Huai Q., Kemp M., Vishwanath P., Kain W., Nance A., Evdokimov A., Moshiri F., Turner K., Wang P., Malvar T., and Liu D., 2016, Continuous evolution of B. thuringiensis toxins overcomes insect resistance, Nature, 533: 58-63. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17938 Carrière Y., Fabrick J., and Tabashnik B., 2016, Can pyramids and seed mixtures delay resistance to Bt Crops, Trends in Biotechnology, 34(4): 291-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.12.011 Deans C.A., Behmer S.T., Tessnow A.E., Tamez-Guerra P., Pusztai‐Carey M., and Sword G., 2017, Nutrition affects insect susceptibility to Bt toxins, Scientific Reports, 7(1): 39705. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep39705 Deist B., Rausch M., Fernández-Luna M., Adang M., and Bonning B., 2014, Bt toxin modification for enhanced efficacy, Toxins, 6: 3005-3027. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins6103005 Deng J., Wang Y., Yang F., Liu Y., and Liu B., 2019, Persistence of insecticidal Cry toxins in Bt rice residues under field conditions estimated by biological and immunological assays, The Science of the Total Environment, 679: 45-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.026 Ge L., Song L., Wang L., Li Y., Sun Y., Wang C., Chen J., Wu G., Pan A., Wu Y., Quan Z., and Li P., 2023, Evaluating response mechanisms of soil microbiomes and metabolomes to Bt toxin additions, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 448: 130904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130904 Jalali E., Bel Y., Maghsoudi S., Noroozian E., and Escriche B., 2023, Enhancing insecticidal efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab through pH-sensitive encapsulation, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 107: 6407-6419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-023-12723-w Koch M.S., Ward J.M., Levine S.L., Baum J.A., Vicini J.L., and Hammond B., 2015, The food and environmental safety of Bt crops, Frontiers in Plant Science, 6: 283. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00283 Li Y., Wang C., Ge L., Hu C., Wu G., Sun Y., Song L., Wu X., Pan A., Xu Q., Shi J., Liang J., and Li P., 2022, Environmental behaviors of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal proteins and their effects on microbial ecology, Plants, 11(9): 1212. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11091212 Li Z., Cui J., Mi Z., Tian D., Wang J., Ma Z., Wang B., Chen H., and Niu S., 2019, Responses of soil enzymatic activities to transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops - a global meta-analysis, The Science of the Total Environment, 651(2): 1830-1838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.073 Liu J., Liang Y., Hu T., Zeng H., Gao R., Wang L., and Xiao Y., 2021, Environmental fate of Bt proteins in soil: Transport adsorption/desorption and degradation, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 226: 112805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112805
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