Bt Research 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 95-102 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/bt 100 6.4 Need for globally harmonized sustainability frameworks For Bt technology to achieve sustainable development, a global regulatory and evaluation framework is needed. All countries should coordinate policies, formulate unified biosecurity standards, resistance management and environmental monitoring measures, and strike a balance between food security and ecological protection (Castagnola and Jurat-Fuentes, 2012; Ray et al., 2022). At the same time, it is also necessary to enhance international cooperation and information sharing to increase the social acceptance and long-term application capacity of new Bt technologies. 7 Concluding Remarks Bt technology has become an important tool for global pest management. It is highly targeted and safe for non-target organisms, so it can reduce the use of chemical pesticides, increase yields, and also protect the environment. The promotion of Bt crops and related biopesticides has made agricultural production methods greener and closer to ecological friendliness. However, relying solely on Bt is not a long-term solution. Pests may develop resistance, and some minor pests may also break out. The ecosystem itself is also very complex. Therefore, Bt should be integrated with integrated Pest Management (IPM), and be combined with methods such as biological control, agronomic measures, and sheltered area cultivation. Only through the superimposition of multiple toxins, an appropriate proportion of sheltered areas, precise application of pesticides and long-term monitoring can resistance be delayed and ecological risks be reduced. For Bt technology to continue to play a role, it requires the joint efforts of scientists, policymakers and farmers. Scientists need to constantly improve the management methods of Bt toxins and resistance, and also strengthen ecological assessment. Policy makers should establish reasonable regulatory and incentive mechanisms to promote the implementation of sheltered areas and resistance monitoring. As front-line users, farmers need more training and participation to enhance their management capabilities. Only through everyone's collaboration can Bt technology truly achieve the goals of environmental protection and sustainable agricultural development. Acknowledgments We would like to express our gratitude to the two anonymous peer researchers for their constructive suggestions on our manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Abdullah M., Moussa S., Taylor M., and Adang M., 2009, Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) cadherin fragments function as synergists for Cry1A and Cry1C Bacillus thuringiensis toxins against noctuid moths Helicoverpa zea, Agrotis ipsilon and Spodoptera exigua, Pest Management Science, 65(10): 1097-1103. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.1798 Afzal M., Ijaz M., Abbas N., Shad S.A., and Serrão J.E., 2024, Resistance of lepidopteran pests to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins: evidence of field and laboratory evolved resistance and cross-resistance mode of resistance inheritance fitness costs mechanisms involved and management options, Toxins, 16(7): 315. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16070315 Arends B., Reisig D.D., Gundry S., Huseth A.S., Reay-Jones F., Greene J., and Kennedy G., 2021, Effectiveness of the natural resistance management refuge for Bt-cotton is dominated by local abundance of soybean and maize, Scientific Reports, 11(1): 17601. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97123-8 Aswathi N., Balakrishnan N., Srinivasan T., Kokiladevi E., and Raghu R., 2024, Diversity of Bt toxins and their utility in pest management, Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 34(1): 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-024-00803-6 Bilal M., Saleem M., Wahid M., Shakeel A., and Maqbool M., 2012, Adoption of Bt cotton: threats and challenges, Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 72: 419-428. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392012000300017 Bravo A., and Soberón M., 2008, How to cope with insect resistance to Bt toxins, Trends in Biotechnology, 26(10): 573-579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.06.005
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