Bt Research 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 95-102 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/bt 98 Figure 2 Survivorship of H. zea from different collection sites in 2017 (n = 28) and 2018 (n = 31) following exposure to 29 µg/cm2 Cry1Ac in diet-overlay assay. Each dot represents the collection site and dot size represents percent survivorship (Adopted from Arends et al., 2021) 4.3 Ecosystem-based approaches The combination of Bt crops with biological control and agricultural measures can protect natural enemies, promote biodiversity and maintain ecological balance. In Integrated Pest Management (IPM), Bt crops can be used in conjunction with natural enemy release, sex pheromones and ecological regulation, reducing reliance on a single approach and making the system more stable (Manjunath, 2020). Meanwhile, attention should also be paid to the long-term effects of Bt crops on non-target organisms and soil microorganisms, and multi-trophic level and long-term field monitoring should be carried out (Cannon, 2000). 4.4 Regulatory and monitoring measures The safe use of Bt crops cannot do without supervision and monitoring. Most countries require a biosafety assessment of Bt crops before they are put on the market, including risks of non-target organisms, gene flow and environmental persistence (Cannon, 2000; Manjunath, 2020). After going public, resistance monitoring, environmental assessment and emergency measures are still needed to identify and handle problems in a timely manner. Public participation, science promotion and cooperation among different stakeholders can also enhance social acceptance and regulatory transparency. 5 Case Study: Bt Cotton in India 5.1 Adoption trends and scale of cultivation Since its commercial promotion in 2002, Bt cotton has expanded rapidly in India. The planting area rose from 0.4% initially to 40% of the national total four years later and has continued to increase over the following decade or so. India has thus become one of the countries with the largest Bt cotton planting area in the world. This expansion not only occurred among large-scale farmers, but also benefited small-scale farmers. Overall, it promoted the increase of cotton output and efficiency.
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