Bt Research 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 86-94 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/bt 92 stakeholders' awareness of Bt application and climate risks, thereby promoting the implementation of the technology and enhancing adaptability at the community level (Bi et al., 2020; Baidya and Saha, 2024). 9 Conclusion This review summarizes the main impacts of climate change on the effects and distribution of Bt crops. Firstly, environmental stress such as high temperatures, drought and elevated carbon dioxide levels will reduce the production of insecticidal proteins by Bt crops, thereby lowering their ability to control target pests. However, at present, there are still few studies on the mechanism of Bt crop performance under extreme climates, so it is difficult to make accurate predictions. Secondly, on a global scale, the resistance of some pests to Bt crops is increasing. Climate change can affect the physiological and ecological processes of pests, which may accelerate the evolution of resistance and pose a greater threat to the sustainability of Bt crops. In addition, climate change will also alter the distribution range of pests and vector insects, exposing some new regions to the risks of BT-related diseases and pests. In the face of these uncertainties and challenges, an active adaptation strategy is very important. The field performance monitoring of Bt crops under various environmental pressures can be strengthened, multi-toxin compound Bt crops can be cultivated, non-BT crop isolation belts can be rationally configured, and new adjuvants and nanotechnology can also be used to enhance the insecticidal effect. At the same time, it is necessary to attach importance to pest resistance management, integrate ecological regulation with biodiversity conservation, and enhance the overall resilience of the agricultural system. To effectively address the complex challenges faced by Bt crops under climate change, close collaboration among entomologists, climatologists, agronomists and policymakers is required. Only through interdisciplinary integration can we better understand the multiple relationships among climate, crops, pests and the environment, formulate scientific and forward-looking management and policy plans, and ensure the long-term efficacy of Bt crops and global food security. Acknowledgments The authors extend sincere thanks to two anonymous peer reviewers for their feedback on the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Angon P.B., Mondal S., Jahan I., Datto M., Antu U.B., Ayshi F.J., and Islam M.S., 2023, Integrated pest management (IPM) in agriculture and its role in maintaining ecological balance and biodiversity, Advances in Agriculture, 2023(1): 5546373. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5546373 Aswathi N., Balakrishnan N., Srinivasan T., Kokiladevi E., and Raghu R., 2024, Diversity of Bt toxins and their utility in pest management, Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 34(1): 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-024-00803-6 Baidya A., and Saha A., 2024, Exploring the research trends in climate change and sustainable development: a bibliometric study, Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 18: 100720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2023.100720 Bajwa A., Farooq M., Al‐Sadi A., Nawaz A., Jabran K., and Siddique K., 2020, Impact of climate change on biology and management of wheat pests, Crop Protection, 137: 105304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2020.105304 Bi P., Shi X., and Liu Q., 2020, Climate change and population health research in China: knowledge gaps and further directions, Advances in Climate Change Research, 11: 273-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2020.07.001 Carrière Y., Degain B., Unnithan G., Harpold V., Heuberger S., Li X., and Tabashnik B., 2017, Effects of seasonal changes in cotton plants on the evolution of resistance to pyramided cotton producing the Bt toxins Cry1Ac and Cry1F in Helicoverpa zea, Pest Management Science, 74(3): 627-637. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4746 Gassmann A.J., and Reisig D.D., 2022, Management of insect pests with Bt crops in the United States, Annual Review of Entomology, 68(1): 31-49. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-105502
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