Bt Research 2025, Vol.16, No.2, 63-69 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/bt 65 strain can rapidly acquire new insecticidal lineage and ecological adaptability, enhancing the diversity and application potential as a biological control agent (Harrison and Brockhurst, 2012; Brito, 2021; Wang et al., 2025). Figure 1 Phylogenetic distribution of bacterial genomes involved in the recent horizontal transfer (100% nucleic acid identity) of AMRgenes mediated by conjugative (A) and nonmobilizable plasmids (B) (Adopted from Che et al., 2021) Image caption: (A) Only the exchange networks of aminoglycoside genes mediated by conjugative plasmids was displayed for visualization purposes. (B) Limited phylogenetic range of recently transferred AMR genes (four types) mediated only by nonmobilizable plasmids. The phylogenetic trees are constructed using a multiple sequence alignment of the full 16S rRNA genes extracted from the corresponding genomes. The inner solid lines indicate the recent transfer of AMR genes among different bacteria mediated by two plasmid categories; the lines are colored according to the AMR gene types (colored asterisk) involved in the horizontal transfer. The outer triangles indicate bacteria with virulence factors, and the outmost red bars display the number of the total AMRgenes carried by the corresponding bacteria (Adopted from Che et al., 2021) Figure 2 Key aspects for elucidating the behaviours of plasmids in different environments and corresponding experimental methodologies (Adopted from Tokuda and Shintani, 2024)
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